I-reverse osmosis isusa usawoti. Iphinde isuse konke okunye. Amanzi avela kulwelwesi lwe-RO anamandla ngamakhemikhali - i-pH ephansi, ubulukhuni obuseduze no-zero, i-alkalinity eseduze no-zero, kanye nekhono lokugqwala elizokhipha umsizi emajoyintini e-solder futhi lincibilikise ulwelwesi lwesimende oluvela kumapayipi okusabalalisa. Ezinhlelweni zasogwini lwaseMedithera yaseSpain, lapho amanzi akhishwe usawoti ehamba khona esuka ezitshalweni zasogwini ngamanethiwekhi agugayo aye emadolobheni angaphakathi, lawo mandla okugqwala awayona inkolelo-mbono. Yingakho ukwehluleka kwamapayipi ezinhlelweni zokusabalalisa amanzi akhishwe usawoti kubiza kakhulu ukuwagcina kunenethiwekhi yokunikeza evamile.
Ukulungiswa kobunjiniyela ukuphinda kusetshenziswe amaminerali: faka i-CO₂ encibilikisiwe emanzini omkhiqizo ukuze wehlise i-pH yayo, bese uyidlulisa nge-contactor ye-limestone lapho i-CO₂ isabela khona ne-calcium carbonate ukuze incibilikise i-calcium ne-bicarbonate emanzini. Umphumela uba amanzi anobulukhuni obulawulwayo kanye ne-alkalinity - i-Langelier Saturation Index eqinile engeke ibole noma ikhuphule izindonga zamapayipi.
Izinga lokulinganisa i-CO₂ lilawula yonke into. I-CO₂ encane kakhulu: i-calcium enganele iyancibilika kusuka ku-limestone, amanzi ahlala ebola. I-CO₂ eningi kakhulu: igesi eningi idlula i-contactor ingashintshiwe, ingena ohlelweni lokusabalalisa, bese yehlisa i-pH yamanzi empompini - ukwephulwa komthetho ngaphansi kwe-Real Decreto 140/2003 yaseSpain (izindinganiso zamanzi okuphuza, ubuningi be-500 mg/L CO₂). Inzwa ye-CO₂ encibilikisiwe iyona kuphela ithuluzi elilinganisa umthamo wangempela olethwa enqubweni, hhayi umthamo oqondiswe yiphampu yokulinganisa.
Inzwa
Inzwa ye-CO₂ encibilikisiwe ye-Honde isebenzisa i-electrode ye-membrane yohlobo lwe-Severinghaus. I-CO₂ isakazeka emanzini enqubo ngokusebenzisa i-membrane engenela igesi iye kwi-buffer yangaphakathi, lapho ikhiqiza khona ushintsho lwe-pH oluguqulwa yi-electrode ibe ukufundwa kokuhlushwa. Ukulinganisa kuqondene ngqo ne-CO₂ encibilikisiwe — ayiphenduli ku-bicarbonate, i-carbonate, noma olunye uhlobo oluncibilikisiwe.
| Imininingwane | Inani |
|---|---|
| Isimiso sokulinganisa | I-electrode ye-membrane ye-Severinghaus |
| Ububanzi be-CO₂ | 0–2,000 ppm (0–2 g/L) |
| Ukunemba | ±3% FS |
| Isixazululo | 0.01 ppm |
| Isinxephezelo sokushisa | Okuzenzakalelayo, 0–50°C |
| Umphumela | I-RS485 Modbus-RTU / 4–20 mA |
| Okungenantambo | I-GPRS / 4G / I-WiFi / I-LoRa / I-LoRaWAN |
| Izindlu | Insimbi engagqwali engu-316L, IP68 |
Isinxephezelo sokushisa okuzenzakalelayo yisona sici esibalulekile sokususa usawoti emanzini aseSpain aseMedithera. Izinga lokushisa lamanzi omkhiqizo liyahlukahluka kusuka ku-16°C ebusika kuya ku-28°C ehlobo — ukujiya okungu-12°C okukhiqiza iphutha elingu-12–15% ekulinganisweni kwe-CO₂ encibilikisiwe okungakhokhelwa. Imithethonqubo yamanzi okuphuza aseSpain idinga amazinga e-CO₂ alinganiswe endaweni yokusatshalaliswa, esezingeni lokushisa elizungezile. Inzwa elinganiswe ku-20°C ifunda amanzi omkhiqizo wasehlobo ku-28°C idlula okuqukethwe kwe-CO₂ cishe ngo-15% — okwanele ukuvusa i-alamu ephezulu engamanga esitshalweni sokulinganisa esijwayelekile. Isinxephezelo sokushisa siqeda lokhu kuguquguquka kwesizini.
Ukucushwa Kwenqubo Yangemva Kokwelashwa
Esikhungweni se-Spanish SWRO (seawater RO), inzwa ye-CO₂ encibilikisiwe ifakwe ezindaweni ezimbili zokulinganisa:
Iphuzu 1: Isitolo sokulinganisa i-CO₂phansi kwekhanda lokujova le-CO₂, phezulu kwezixhumi ze-limestone. Inzwa iqinisekisa ukuhlushwa kwe-CO₂ okuncibilikisiwe kwangempela ngaphambi kokuba amanzi angene embhedeni we-limestone. Umthamo wokukhipha iphampu kanye ne-CO₂ encibilikisiwe kwangempela kuyahlukana lapho ingcindezi yokuphakelwa kwe-CO₂ ishintshashintsha noma ukulingana kwengcindezi engaphelele yamanzi kushintsha — izehlakalo isilawuli sephampu sokulinganisa esingaziboni. Inzwa izithola ngokushesha.
Iphuzu 2: Isihloko se-contactor outlet/distributionngemva kwama-contactor e-limestone. Inzwa ilinganisa i-CO₂ encibilikisiwe eseleyo emanzini aqediwe, okuqinisekisa ukuthi ukusabela kwe-limestone kudle i-CO₂ ngaphakathi kobubanzi obujwayelekile. Leli iphuzu lokulinganisa ukuhambisana.
| Iphuzu lokulinganisa inqubo | Umsebenzi wenzwa | Umkhawulo womthetho |
|---|---|---|
| Isitolo sokulinganisa i-CO₂ | Iqinisekisa umthamo wangempela uma kuqhathaniswa nomthamo olayishiwe | Akukho mkhawulo oqondile; kuqhuba ukulawula kwe-PID |
| Indawo yokuxhumana/yokusabalalisa | Ukulinganisa ukuhambisana | < 500 mg/L CO₂ (I-Real Decreto 140/2003) |
Ukwakhiwa Kwesixazululo
Isigaba 1 - Izinsimbi zesitshaloZombili izinzwa zixhuma kunethiwekhi yokulawula izinqubo zesitshalo nge-RS485 Modbus-RTU. I-Data logger enesikrini egumbini lokulawula isitshalo ibonisa amaphuzu wokulinganisa womabili ngesikhathi esisodwa - ukuhlushwa kwe-CO₂ yokulinganisa kanye nokusala kwamanzi aqediwe - ngegrafu yethrendi yezinsuku ezingu-30. Umqhubi wesitshalo uqinisekisa inzwa ngayinye njalo ngenyanga ngokubhekisele ku-Handmeter reference: isampula yokubamba ehlaziywe nge-CO₂ meter ephathekayo, uma iqhathaniswa nokufundwa okufakiwe.
Isigaba 2 — UkudluliselwaIzinzwa zezitshalo zidlulisela ngamamojula e-GPRS, 4G, noma e-WiFi kunethiwekhi ye-SCADA yesikhungo samanzi esiphakathi nendawo. Ezitshalweni zesathelayithi eziQhingini zaseCanary naseziteshini ezikude ezisogwini e-Almería naseMurcia lapho ukuxhumana okuzinikele kwe-WAN kunqunyelwe khona, i-LoRaWAN idlulisela idatha esikhungweni sokusebenza sesifunda sesikhungo. Yonke idatha ipakishwe ngefomethi ye-MQTT Json, inika kokubili isilawuli sendawo se-PID sesitshalo kanye nepulatifomu yokuqapha ikhwalithi yamanzi esiphakathi nendawo yesikhungo.
Isigaba 3 — Ukulawulwa kwamafu kanye nokulinganisaIseva yefu kanye nesofthiwe kuhlanganisa idatha ye-CO₂ encibilikisiwe evela kuzo zonke izitshalo zokukhipha usawoti eziqashwe ngokucophelela, okubonisa idatha yesikhathi sangempela kanye nedatha yomlando kuyo yonke inethiwekhi yokwelapha yenkampani. Uhlelo lokudlulisa i-Alarm lusebenza emkhawulweni wokuthobela imithetho: lapho i-CO₂ ye-contactor-outlet idlula u-450 mg/L — 50 mg/L ngaphansi komkhawulo wokulawula — i-relay ixwayisa umphathi we-shift futhi imaka umcimbi wombiko wokuthobela imithetho wekota. I-relay yesibili ku-dosing-outlet sensor iqala lapho i-CO₂ yehla ngaphansi kokugxila okuncane kwe-contactor-feed, ixwayisa umqhubi ukuthi i-CO₂ enganele ifinyelela embhedeni we-limestone.
Imiphumela Yensimu: Isitshalo se-SWRO Sasogwini LwaseMedithera, eMurcia, eSpain, ngo-2026
Isitshalo se-SWRO eMurcia esikhonza abathengi basemadolobheni abangu-180,000 sifake i-Honde yahlakaza izinzwa ze-CO₂ kuzo zombili izindawo zokulinganisa ngoJanuwari 2026, yathatha indawo yohlelo lwangaphambilini lokuhlola i-CO₂ ngesandla kabili ngeshifti ngayinye.
- • Ihadiwe:Izinzwa ze-CO₂ ezincibilikisiwe ezimbili ngesitimela ngasinye sokwelapha (izitimela ezi-4 = izinzwa eziyi-8 sezizonke), i-RS485 yesitshalo i-PLC, i-4G yesikhungo se-SCADA.
- • Indawo:I-data logger enesikrini egumbini lokulawula; Ukuqinisekiswa kwe-handmeter nyanga zonke.
- • Ifu:I-MQTT Json itholakala epulatifomu yekhwalithi ephakathi yale nkampani.
- • I-alamu:I-relay ye-CO₂ ephezulu engu-450 mg/L; i-relay encane yokukhipha umthamo ngesitimela ngasinye.
| I-Metric | Isisekelo sesampula yokuthathwa (2025) | Inzwa ye-CO₂ esemgqeni (2026) |
|---|---|---|
| Ukweqiwa kwe-CO₂ emanzini aqediwe (>500 mg/L) | 7 | 0 |
| Ukwehluleka kokulinganisa iphampu akubonwanga > amahora ama-2 | 9 | 0 |
| ukuhamba kwe-pH endaweni yokungenisa yokusabalalisa | 23 | 4 |
| Izindleko zamakhemikhali zokulinganisa i-CO₂ (ezifakwe ku-index) | 100% | 87% |
| Ukuhlaziywa kwelebhu ye-CO₂ ngesandla ngenyanga | 720 | 72 (ukuqinisekiswa kuphela) |
- Ukweqiwa kwe-CO₂ kwamanzi aqediwe okuyisikhombisa okubhalwe ngo-2025 — ngakunye okwakuyisigameko somthetho esidinga isaziso kuMnyango Wezempilo waseSpain — kwehle kwaba yi-zero ezinyangeni eziyisikhombisa zokuqala zokusebenza okunezinsimbi. Uhlelo lokudlulisa i-alamu lubambe ukweqiwa okuthathu kokuqala kumkhawulo ongu-450 mg/L futhi lwazisa umphathi weshifti, owalungisa izinga lokulinganisa i-CO₂ ngaphambi kokuba iphuzu lamanzi aqediwe lithinteke.
- Ukwehluleka okungu-9 kokupompa ngomthamo ngo-2025 kwakungazange kutholakale isikhathi esingaphezu kwamahora ama-2 ngaphambi kokuba kutholakale ukuhlolwa kwesampula yokubamba — ngoba isignali yokulawula yephampu ibonise “ukusebenza” kuyilapho ivalvu ebambekile ivimbela ukulethwa kwe-CO₂. Inzwa esemgqeni endaweni yokukhipha umthamo ithole umcimbi ngamunye olinganayo ngesizini ka-2026 zingakapheli imizuzu emi-2 kusukela ekuqaleni kokwehluleka, ngakunye kubangele i-alamu yokudlulisela ngokushesha.
- Izindleko zokulinganisa i-CO₂ zehle ngo-13% — i-inline feedback loop ivumele isitshalo ukuthi siqinise isethi yokulinganisa kusuka ku-280 mg/L kuya ku-240 mg/L endaweni yokukhipha umthamo, okususa umkhawulo wokuphepha obekukhokhela ukungaqiniseki kokuthatha isampula kabili.
- Ukuhlaziywa kwe-CO₂ ngesandla kuncishisiwe kusuka ku-720 kuya ku-72 ngenyanga — izinzwa ezingaphakathi zisingatha ukuqapha okuqhubekayo kokuthobela imithetho; amasampula okubanjwa kwanyanga zonke ahlinzeka ngomkhondo wokuhlola wokuqinisekisa.
Xhumana nobuchwepheshe be-Honde bokuqapha ukwelashwa kwamanzi
I-Honde Technology ingumkhiqizi oqinisekisiwe yi-Germany TUV & Alibaba. Sihlinzeka ngehadiwe yokulinganisa i-CO₂ encibilikisiwe, ubuchwepheshe be-membrane ye-Severinghaus, kanye ne-telemetry yokulawula inqubo edingekayo ezindaweni zokuhlanza amanzi ezisebenza ngaphansi kwemingcele ye-CO₂ elawulwayo.
Ukuze uthole ulwazi olwengeziwe lwezinzwa kanye nezixazululo ze-IoT ezenziwe ngokwezifiso, sicela uxhumane ne-Honde Technology Co., LTD.
- I-WhatsApp: +86-15210548582
- I-imeyili: info@hondetech.com
- Iwebhusayithi Yenkampani: www.hondetechco.com
Imephu Yesidingo Kuzo Zonke Izimakethe Ezithuthukisiwe Zokususa Usawoti kanye Nokuhlanza Amanzi
Inzwa ye-CO₂ encibilikisiwe yokulawula ukuphinda kwamaminerali iyincazelo ehlanganyelwe kuwo wonke amazwe asebenzisa ukukhishwa kukasawoti we-SWRO esikalini sikamasipala. Izitshalo zaseSorek naseHadera zakwa-Israyeli — izikhungo ze-SWRO ezinkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni — zisebenzisa ukuqapha okuqhubekayo kwe-CO₂ encibilikisiwe kuma-contactor azo e-limestone. Izitshalo Zokukhishwa Kasawoti Wamanzi Olwandle zasePerth e-Australia (SWDP) kanye nesikhungo saseKurnell saseSydney zichaza izinzwa ze-CO₂ eziqondile njengengxenye yemishini yokuthobela imithetho. Inethiwekhi yokukhishwa kukasawoti e-Algarve ePortugal, eyandiswa ngemva kwesomiso sika-2022-2025, idinga ukuqapha kwe-CO₂ kuzo zonke izindawo zokungenisa amanzi. ICyprus neMalta, lapho ukukhishwa kukasawoti kunikeza khona amanzi okuphuza angaphezu kuka-50%, zisebenzisa izinzwa ze-CO₂ encibilikisiwe njengezinto eziyinhloko zokuthobela imithetho yamanethiwekhi azo okusabalalisa. Isitshalo ngasinye sihlangana ngesidingo esifanayo senzwa: i-electrode ye-membrane ye-Severinghaus, isinxephezelo sokushisa okuzenzakalelayo, kanye nokukhishwa kwe-RS485/MQTT — incazelo evala iluphu yokulawula imithamo engenakukwazi ukusampula ngesandla.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Agasti-25-2026