Kungani Inkinga Yokuphepha Kwendle YaseNdiya Iqhuba Umkhankaso Kazwelonke Wokuthola Ugesi Ohlukahlukene Ongaguquki

Usuku: Julayi 27, 2026

Njalo ngonyaka, izisebenzi zamathangi okuhambisa indle kanye ne-septic ziyafa emadolobheni aseNdiya. Ukufa kulandela indlela efanayo kangangokuthi inegama elithi: “abahlengi baba yizisulu.” Isisebenzi sehlela emgodini ukuze sisuse ukuvaleka. I-hydrogen sulfide — esinda kunomoya, ayinambala, iphunga amaqanda abolile kuphela uma iphansi, bese ikhubaza inzwa yokuhogela kuma-higher nerve — isiqongelele phansi komgodi. Isisebenzi silahlekelwa ingqondo ngemizuzwana. Isisebenzi sesibili sehla ukuze simkhiphe. Naso siyafa. Kulandela esesithathu. Ngesikhathi inqubo ima, abantu abathathu kuya kwabahlanu basuke sebefile epayipini likakhonkolo elingamamitha ayisithupha ukujula.

Idatha ye-National Crime Records Bureau ikhombisa ukuthi lesi akusona isenzakalo esingavamile. Amakhulu okufa aqoshwa minyaka yonke komasipala baseNdiya, futhi inani langempela kukholakala ukuthi liphezulu ngoba amacala amaningi ahlukaniswa ngokuthi “ukuminza ngengozi” noma “izimbangela zemvelo.” INkantolo Ephakeme yaseNdiya isingenelele izikhathi eziningi, muva nje iyalela ukuhlanzwa kwendle ngomshini kanye nokuhlolwa kwegesi ngaphambi kokungena. Ikhodi Yokuphepha Emsebenzini, Ezempilo Nezimo Zokusebenza, eyaqala ukusebenza ngo-2020, idinga ngokusobala abaqashi ukuthi baqinisekise indawo yokusebenza ephephile ezindaweni ezivalekile — okuhlanganisa nokuqapha okuqhubekayo kwegesi lapho kungenzeka khona izimo eziyingozi.

Igebe phakathi komthethonqubo kanye neqiniso liyi-hardware eyodwa: umshini wokuhlola igesi oqinile, osebenza njalo ongasinda endaweni yokulahla indle futhi udlulise i-alamu ngaphambi kokuba isisebenzi sehle.

1. Yini Ngempela I-Gas Stack

Umgodi wokuhambisa amanzi angcolile awuyona indawo enegesi eyodwa. Uyingxube ehlukaniswe ngezigaba eshintsha ngokujula, izinga lokushisa, kanye nezimo zokugeleza.

Ezansi, lapho abasebenzi bengena khona ukuze bavale kahle, i-hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) iyaqoqana. Ikhiqizwa ukubola kwamagciwane angena-anaerobic ezintweni eziphilayo emanzini angcolile, i-H₂S iyabulala uma amazinga ayo engaphezu kwe-100 ppm. Ku-1,000 ppm — okungavamile emanzini angcolile avaliwe ahlala izinsuku eziningi — iyabulala ngemizuzu embalwa.

Ngaphezulu komsele wamanzi, i-methane (CH₄) evela enkambisweni efanayo yokubola ikhuphukela phezulu kwe-shaft. Iyaqhuma phakathi kuka-5% no-15% womkhathi ophansi wokuqhuma - ukugcwala okufinyelelwa kalula emgodini womgodi ongenamoya ofanele. Inhlansi eyodwa evela kuthuluzi lensimbi lesisebenzi noma ugwayi owile ingaqhumisa yonke i-shaft.

Esigabeni esiphakathi, i-carbon dioxide (CO₂) kanye ne-ammonia (NH₃) kuhlangana ngezilinganiso eziguquguqukayo. I-CO₂ isusa umoya-mpilo — umgodi womoya one-CO₂ engu-8% usuthathe indawo yomoya ophefumulayo. I-NH₃ iyacasula indlela yokuphefumula futhi ikhombisa ukubola kwezinto eziphilayo.

Yingakho umshini wokuthola igesi eyodwa ungesona isisombululo esamukelekayo. Isisebenzi esiphethe umshini wokuthola igesi we-H₂S kuphela singangena emgodini onomsele obulalayo ngaphezulu futhi singalokothi sibone i-alamu. Ukucushwa kwe-Honde RD-NC3HO-01 okuchazwe ekusetshenzisweni komasipala baseNdiya kulinganisa i-H₂S, i-CH₄, i-CO₂, i-NH₃, kanye ne-O₂ ngasikhathi sinye — inqwaba yegesi ephelele yendawo yokulahla indle — enokushisa kanye nomswakama ngokwesimo semvelo.

2. Umkhiqizo: Okusindile Endle

I-RD-NC3HO-01 iyiyunithi efakwe odongeni enesikrini se-LCD esihlanganisiwe esibonisa ukugxila kwesikhathi sangempela kwawo wonke amagesi amisiwe. Umphumela we-RS485 Modbus-RTU uthwala idatha ku-datalogger yendawo noma imojuli yokuxhumana. Ukufakwa kwamandla kwamukela i-10-24VDC, ehambisana nezinsiza zegumbi lokulawula likamasipala kanye nezinhlelo zebhethri lelanga zeziteshi zokupompa ezihlukanisiwe.

Imininingwane emibili inquma ukusinda endaweni yokulahla indle.

Izinga lokushisa lokusebenza lisukela ku-30°C kuya ku-+85°C. Ama-manhole aseNdiya eDelhi noma eMumbai awafinyeleli ku-30°C, kodwa uphahla lwe-+85°C luyinombolo ebalulekile. Umgodi we-manhole ehlobo, lapho ukubola kwe-anaerobic kukhiqiza ukushisa, ungabamba amazinga okushisa angu-45–55°C phansi kuyilapho umoya ongaphezulu onqenqemeni lwe-manhole ungama-40°C. Ama-sensor anophahla lokusebenza olulinganisiwe lwe-+50°C akhukhuleka noma ahluleke phakathi namasonto. Isilinganiso se-RD-NC3HO-01 sika-+85°C simboza yonke indawo ngomkhawulo.

Umklamo wendlu kanye nesixhumi. Iyunithi ifakwe kuma-bracket futhi ivalwe ngokumelene nokungena komswakama. Ukuxhumeka kwe-cable gland kuyiphuzu elibuthakathaka ezindaweni eziningi zokufaka — i-manhole iyindawo enomswakama ongu-100% ene-condensate egeleza ezindongeni. Ukuxhumeka kwe-Honde okuvalwe kabili kuvimbela ukungena komswakama okuvimbela ugesi ongavikelwe ngaphakathi kwesizini eyodwa yemvula.

3. Ukwakhiwa Kwesixazululo Sokuphepha Kwendle Kamasipala

Ukufakwa kukamasipala waseNdiya kulandela isakhiwo esinezigaba ezintathu esisuka emngceleni wembobo siye esikhungweni somyalo kamasipala.

Uchwepheshe wasensimini usebenzisa i-Handmeter ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa kwekota ukuqinisekisa inzwa efakiwe ngokumelene nereferensi elinganisiwe ephathekayo ngaphambi kwesizini ngayinye yemvula - lapho ukukhiqizwa kwegesi yendle kufinyelela phezulu ngokuhlanganiswa kokushisa kanye nomthwalo owengeziwe wezinto eziphilayo.

4. Imiphumela Yensimu: Ukuhlolwa Kokuphepha Kwendle Kamasipala, eDelhi, ngoJuni 2026

Ukuthunyelwa kwemishini yokuhlola igesi eminingi engu-120 RD-NC3HO-01 kwaqaliswa ngoJuni 2026 ezindaweni ezintathu zokudonsa amanzi eziyingozi kakhulu eDelhi — izifunda zendle zaseShahdara, eNajafgarh, nase-Okhla, eziqopha ngokomlando inani eliphakeme kakhulu labantu abashonile emapayipini okudonsa amanzi.

Imiphumela yokusebenza ngemva kwezinsuku ezingu-45:

• Inethiwekhi iqophe izehlakalo ezingu-217 ze-alamu kuzo zonke izifunda ezintathu — ikakhulukazi uhambo lwe-H₂S olungaphezu kuka-10 ppm ngesikhathi sokuhlanza ngemva kwemvula. Kulezi, ezingu-43 zidlule umkhawulo wengozi ongu-25 ppm.
• Ezimweni ezingu-8 ezibhaliwe, i-alamu yasebenza ngaphambi kokuba iqembu lokuhlanza lifike emgodini. Umphathi weqembu, elandela inqubo entsha, wenqaba ukungena futhi wafaka umoya emshaftini imizuzu engu-45. Ukuhlolwa kabusha kubonise ukuthi i-H₂S yehle ngaphansi kwama-5 ppm. Ngaphansi kohlelo lwangaphambilini, lawo maqembu angu-8 ngabe ehlele emoyeni obulalayo.
• Uhlelo lokuqinisekisa i-handmeter luthole izinzwa ezintathu ezinokuzulazula kokulinganisa okungaphezu kuka-±15% ngesikhathi somzuliswano wekota wangaphambi kwemvula. Zonke ezintathu zashintshwa ngaphambi kokuqala kwesizini enobungozi obukhulu.
• Akukho kufa kwabasebenzi okubhalwe phansi ezindaweni eziqashwe ngesikhathi sokuhlola — isikhathi sokuqala sezinsuku ezingu-45 esingenakufa emlandweni wamuva walezo zifunda.
• Ngokusekelwe kulolu cwaningo, inkampani kamasipala ivumile ukunwetshwa ezindaweni zokuqapha ezengeziwe ezingu-400 kuzo zonke izifunda zendle zaseDelhi ezisele, kanti ukuthengwa kuhlelelwe ikota yesi-4 ka-2026.

5. Imephu Yesidingo Esibanzi: Lapho Ukutholwa Kwegesi Eningi Kukhula Khona

Inkinga yokuphepha kwendle eNdiya yisimo esiphuthumayo kakhulu, kodwa akuyona yodwa imbangela yokufunwa kokutholwa kwegesi eminingi eqinile.

IMpumalanga Ephakathi — izindawo zikawoyela negesi. E-Saudi Arabia nase-UAE, abaqhubi bezindawo zokucwenga babhekene nenkinga efanayo yendawo evalekile ngendlela ehlukile: i-H₂S ekucubungulweni kukawoyela ongahluziwe, i-CH₄ ezindaweni zokugcina, kanye ne-CO₂ emisebenzini yokugaya amapayipi. Umshayeli olawulayo yizindinganiso zokuphepha zangaphakathi ze-ADNOC kanye ne-Aramco, ezigunyaza ukuqapha okuqhubekayo kwegesi ezindaweni ezivalekile. Lezi zindawo zisebenzisa ihadiwe efanayo ye-RD-NC3HO-01 - elungiselelwe i-stack yegesi yokucwenga - enemiphumela engu-4-20mA exhunywe ngqo kwi-PLC yokuphepha ekhona yesitshalo.

INingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia — ukwelashwa kwamanzi amdaka. Ingqalasizinda yokwelapha amanzi amdaka eVietnam ekhula ngokushesha, eyakhiwe ngaphansi kohlelo lwayo lukazwelonke lokuthobela imithetho yezemvelo, idinga ukuqapha igesi eziteshini zokupompa kanye nasemisebenzini yokungena lapho i-H₂S ne-CH₄ ziqoqana khona. Iphrofayili yesidingo ifana neyaseNdiya kodwa ngezinga elincane ngokufakwa ngakunye — ngokuvamile izinzwa eziyi-10–30 ngesitshalo ngasinye sokwelapha kunezinzwa eziyi-120 ngesifunda sedolobha.

INingizimu Afrika — izimayini kanye nomasipala. Ukuhlanganiswa kwezimayini ezijulile (lapho i-CH₄ ne-CO kuyizingozi ezinkulu) kanye nengqalasizinda yendle kamasipala esindayo kubeka iNingizimu Afrika phakathi kwezimakethe eziyishumi eziphezulu zokuthola igesi engaguquki emhlabeni jikelele.