Umoya ohlanzekile ubalulekile ekuphileni okunempilo, kodwa ngokusho kweNhlangano Yezempilo Yomhlaba (i-WHO), cishe u-99% wabantu bomhlaba uphefumula umoya oweqa imingcele yabo yokungcola komoya. "Izinga lomoya liyisilinganiso sokuthi zingakanani izinto ezisemoyeni, ezihlanganisa izinhlayiya nezinto ezingcolisa umoya," kusho uKristina Pistone, usosayensi wocwaningo eNASA Ames Research Center. Ucwaningo lwe-Pistone luhlanganisa zombili izindawo zomoya kanye nesimo sezulu, ngokugxila emthelela wezinhlayiya zomoya kusimo sezulu namafu. “Kubalulekile ukuqonda izinga lomoya ngoba lithinta impilo yakho nokuthi ungayiphila kanjani impilo yakho nokwenza usuku lwakho,” kusho uPistone. Sahlala phansi no-Pistone ukuze sifunde kabanzi ngekhwalithi yomoya nokuthi ingaba nomthelela obonakalayo kanjani empilweni yomuntu kanye nemvelo.
Yini eyakha izinga lomoya?
Kukhona izinto ezingcolisa umoya eziyisithupha eziyinhloko ezilawulwa yi-Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) e-United States: i-particle (PM), ama-nitrogen oxides, i-ozone, ama-sulphur oxides, i-carbon monoxide, nomthofu. Lezi zinto ezingcolisayo zivela emithonjeni yemvelo, njengezinhlayiyana ezikhuphukela emkhathini zivela emlilweni nothuli lwasogwadule, noma emisebenzini yabantu, njenge-ozone ekhiqizwa ukukhanya kwelanga okusabela ekukhiqizweni kwezimoto.
Yini ukubaluleka kwekhwalithi yomoya?
Izinga lomoya linomthelela empilweni kanye nezinga lempilo. “Njengoba sidinga ukumunca amanzi, sidinga ukuphefumula umoya,” kusho uPistone. “Sesilindele amanzi ahlanzekile ngoba siyaqonda ukuthi siyawadinga ukuze siphile futhi sibe nempilo, futhi kufanele silindele okufanayo emoyeni wethu.”
Izinga lomoya elibi liboshelwe emiphumeleni yenhliziyo nemithambo yegazi neyokuphefumula kubantu. Ukuchayeka isikhathi esifushane ku-nitrogen dioxide (NO2), isibonelo, kungabangela izimpawu zokuphefumula njengokukhwehlela nokuphefumula, futhi ukuchayeka isikhathi eside kwandisa ingozi yokuba nezifo zokuphefumula njengesifuba somoya noma izifo zokuphefumula. Ukuchayeka ku-ozone kungenza amaphaphu abe mabi futhi kulimaze imigudu yokuphefumula. Ukuchayeka ku-PM2.5 (iyingxenye engu-2.5 micrometers noma encane) kubangela ukucasuka kwamaphaphu futhi kuye kwaxhunyaniswa nesifo senhliziyo namaphaphu.
Ngaphezu kwemithelela yayo empilweni yabantu, izinga lomoya eliphansi lingalimaza imvelo, lingcolise imizimba yamanzi nge-acidification kanye ne-eutrophication. Lezi zinqubo zibulala izitshalo, ziqeda imisoco yenhlabathi, futhi zilimaze nezilwane.
Ukulinganisa Ikhwalithi Yomoya: Inkomba Yekhwalithi Yomoya (AQI)
Izinga lomoya lifana nesimo sezulu; ingashintsha ngokushesha, ngisho naphakathi kwamahora ambalwa. Ukukala nokubika ngekhwalithi yomoya, i-EPA isebenzisa i-United States Air Quality Index (AQI). I-AQI ibalwa ngokulinganisa ukungcola komoya ngakunye kweziyisithupha eziyinhloko esikalini ukusuka kokuthi “Okuhle” kuye kokuthi “Okuyingozi,” ukuze kukhiqizwe inani lezinombolo le-AQI elihlanganisiwe elingu-0-500.
“Ngokujwayelekile uma sikhuluma ngezinga lomoya sisuke sithi kunezinto ezisemkhathini esazi kahle ukuthi azilungile ukuthi abantu bahlale bephefumula,” kusho uPistone. Ngakho-ke ukuze ube nomoya omuhle, udinga ukuba ngaphansi komkhawulo othile wokungcola. Izindawo emhlabeni wonke zisebenzisa imingcele ehlukene yekhwalithi yomoya “enhle,” evame ukuncika ekutheni iziphi izinto ezingcolisayo ezilinganisa isistimu yazo. Kuhlelo lwe-EPA, inani le-AQI lika-50 noma ngaphansi libhekwa njengelilungile, kuyilapho 51-100 lithathwa njengelilinganiselwe. Inani le-AQI eliphakathi kuka-100 no-150 libhekwa njengelingenampilo emaqenjini azwelayo, futhi amanani aphezulu awanampilo kuwo wonke umuntu; isexwayiso sezempilo sikhishwa lapho i-AQI ifinyelela ku-200. Noma yiliphi inani elingaphezu kuka-300 libhekwa njengengozi, futhi livame ukuhlotshaniswa nokungcoliswa kwezinhlayiyana ezivela emlilweni wequbula.
Ucwaningo Lwekhwalithi Yomoya ye-NASA kanye Nemikhiqizo Yedatha
Izinzwa zekhwalithi yomoya ziwumthombo obalulekile wokuthwebula idatha yekhwalithi yomoya ezingeni lendawo.
Ngo-2022, i-Trace Gas Group (TGGR) e-NASA Ames Research Center yasebenzisa Ubuchwepheshe Benzwa Yenethiwekhi Engabizi Yokuhlola Ukungcola, noma i-INSTEP: inethiwekhi entsha yezinzwa zekhwalithi yomoya engabizi kakhulu ekala izinhlobonhlobo zokungcola. Lezi zinzwa zithwebula idatha yekhwalithi yomoya ezindaweni ezithile e-California, Colorado, naseMongolia, futhi ziye zabonakala zinenzuzo yokuqapha ikhwalithi yomoya phakathi nesizini yomlilo yase-California.
I-Airborne and Satellite Investigation yango-2024 ye-Asian Air Quality (ASIA-AQ) idatha yenzwa edidiyelwe evela ezindizeni, amasathelayithi, nezinkundla ezisekelwe phansi ukuze kuhlolwe ikhwalithi yomoya emazweni amaningana ase-Asia. Idatha ethathwe kumathuluzi amaningi kulezi zindiza, njenge-Meteorological Measurement System (MMS) evela ku-NASA Ames Atmospheric Science Branch, isetshenziselwa ukucwenga amamodeli ekhwalithi yomoya ukuze kubikezelwe futhi kuhlolwe izimo zekhwalithi yomoya.
Ku-ejensi yonke, i-NASA inohlu lwamasathelayithi abuka umhlaba nobunye ubuchwepheshe bokuthwebula nokubika idatha yekhwalithi yomoya. Ngo-2023, i-NASA yethula umkhankaso we-Tropospheric Emissions: Monitoring of Pollution (TEMPO), okala ikhwalithi yomoya nokungcola eNyakatho Melika. Ithuluzi le-NASA's Land, Atmosphere Near-time real Capability for Earth Observations (LANCE) lihlinzeka ngezibikezelo zekhwalithi yomoya ngezilinganiso ezihlanganiswe kusukela kunqwaba yamathuluzi e-NASA, phakathi namahora amathathu okubhekiwe.
Ukuze sibe nendawo enempilo yekhwalithi yomoya, singakwazi ukuqapha idatha yekhwalithi yomoya ngesikhathi sangempela. Okulandelayo izinzwa ezingakala amapharamitha ekhwalithi yomoya ahlukene
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Dec-04-2024