I. Izimo Zokusebenza Ezibalulekile
Izinzwa zekhwalithi yamanzi e-Brazil zisetshenziswa ngokuyinhloko kulezi zimo ezilandelayo ezibalulekile:
1. Ukuhlinzekwa Kwamanzi Asemadolobheni kanye Nezinhlelo Zokuhlanza Amanzi Angcolile
I-Case Study: I-SABESP (Basic Sanitation Company of the State of São Paulo), insiza yamanzi enkulu kunazo zonke e-Latin America, isebenzisa kakhulu izinzwa zekhwalithi yamanzi ezinamapharamitha amaningi kuyo yonke inethiwekhi yayo yokuhlinzeka, kusukela kumadamu kuya ezikhungweni zokuhlanza amanzi.
Izimo:
Umthombo Wamanzi Ukuqapha: Ukuqapha kwesikhathi sangempela kwamapharamitha afana ne-pH, umoya-mpilo oncibilikisiwe (DO), i-turbidity, ukuminyana kwe-algal (chlorophyll-a), kanye nezixwayiso ze-cyanobacteria ezinobuthi ezinhlelweni zamachibi amakhulu (isb., Isistimu ye-Cantareira) ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuphepha kwamanzi aluhlaza.
Ukulawulwa Kwenqubo Yokwelapha: Izinzwa ezingaphakathi kwezitshalo zokwelapha zisetshenziselwa ukulawula ngokunembile umthamo wamakhemikhali (isb., ama-coagulant, izibulala-magciwane) phakathi nezinqubo ezifana nokuhlangana, ukubola, ukusefa, nokubulala amagciwane, ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle nokunciphisa izindleko.
Ukuqapha Kwenethiwekhi Yokusabalalisa: Izindawo zokuqapha zisethwa kuyo yonke inethiwekhi yokusabalalisa amanzi emadolobheni ukuze kulandelelwe insalela ye-chlorine, i-turbidity, nezinye izinkomba ngesikhathi sangempela. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuphepha kwamanzi kampompi ngesikhathi sokuthutha futhi kuvumela ukuhlonzwa ngokushesha kwezehlakalo zokungcola.
2. Ukuqapha Ukukhishwa Kwamanzi Angcolile Ezimbonini
Indaba eyisibonelo: I-Brazilian Institute of Environment and Renewable Natural Resources (IBAMA) kanye nama-ejensi kahulumeni wezemvelo.
Izimo:
Ukuqapha Ukuthobelana: Izimboni ezinengcuphe ephezulu yokunukubezeka (isb., i-pulp nephepha, izimayini, amakhemikhali, ukucutshungulwa kokudla) kudingeka ukuthi zifake izinhlelo zokuqapha ukungcola okuzenzakalelayo ku-inthanethi ezindaweni zazo zokulahla. Izinzwa ziqhubeka nokukala amapharamitha afana ne-Chemical Demand Demand (COD), inani le-nitrogen, ingqikithi ye-phosphorus, izinsimbi ezisindayo (isb., i-mercury, i-lead, edinga izinzwa ezithile), i-pH, nezinga lokugeleza.
Iqhaza: Iqinisekisa ukuchithwa kwamanzi angcolile kuthobela izindinganiso ezibekwe uMkhandlu Kazwelonke Wezemvelo (CONAMA). Ukudluliswa kwedatha yesikhathi sangempela kubalawuli kusiza ukuvimbela ukukhishwa okungekho emthethweni futhi kunikeza ubufakazi obuqondile bokugcinwa komthetho.
3. Ukuqapha Ukungcola Kwezokulima Okungeyona Iphoyinti
I-Case Study: Izikhungo zocwaningo lwezolimo nezemvelo ezifundazweni ezinkulu zezolimo njenge-Mato Grosso.
Izimo:
Ukuqapha Kwamanzi: Amanethiwekhi ezinzwa asatshalaliswa emifuleni emifuleni enokulima okukhulu okujulile ukuze kuqashwe izinguquko kuma-nitrate, ama-phosphates, i-turbidity, nezinsalela zezibulala-zinambuzane.
Iqhaza: Ihlola umthelela wokusetshenziswa kukamanyolo nezibulala-zinambuzane emanzini, amaphethini ocwaningo lokungcoliswa kwemithombo okungeyona indawo, futhi ihlinzeka ngedatha ukwazisa Imikhuba Yokuphatha Okungcono Kakhulu (ama-BMP) nezinqubomgomo zemvelo.
4. Umzimba Wamanzi Wemvelo (Imifula, Amachibi, Ugu) Ukuqapha Kwemvelo
Izibonelo:
I-Amazon Basin Research: Amaqembu ocwaningo avela ku-National Institute for Amazonian Research (INPA) kanye namanyuvesi asebenzisa izinzwa ezisekelwe ku-buoy noma ezifakwe emikhunjini ukuze ziqaphe izinga lokushisa lamanzi, ukuqhutshwa kwe-conductivity (ukulinganisa ukuhlushwa kwe-solute), i-turbidity, i-oxygen encibilikile, kanye nokugeleza kwe-CO2 eMfuleni i-Amazon nemingenela yawo. Lokhu kubalulekile ekutadisheni imijikelezo ye-hydrology kanye ne-biogeochemical yehlathi lemvula elikhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni.
Ukuqapha I-Coastal Eutrophication: Emanzini asogwini emadolobheni amakhulu afana ne-Rio de Janeiro ne-São Paulo, izinzwa zisetshenziselwa ukuqapha ukuphuma kwe-eutrophication okubangelwa ukuchithwa kwendle, ukunikeza izexwayiso zangaphambi kwesikhathi ngokuqhakaza kwe-algal eyingozi (ama-red tides) kanye nokuvikela izimboni zezokuvakasha nezokulima emanzini.
Izimo: Ama-buoy okuqapha angaguquki, imikhumbi yokuqapha ephathwayo, nezinzwa eziphathwayo ezifakwe kuma-drones.
5. Isexwayiso Sangaphambi Kwezinhlekelele Zezimayini kanye Nokuqapha Ngemva Kwenhlekelele (Okubaluleke Kakhulu)
I-Case Study: Lesi ngesinye sezimo ezibucayi kakhulu, noma ezidabukisayo, zohlelo lokusebenza e-Brazil. Ukulandela ukwehluleka kwamadamu e-tailings e-Minas Gerais (isb, i-Samarco ngo-2015 kanye ne-Vale ezinhlekeleleni zika-2019), izinzwa zekhwalithi yamanzi zaba amathuluzi abalulekile.
Izimo:
Amasistimu Esexwayiso Angaphambi kwesikhathi: Amanethiwekhi ezinzwa esikhathi sangempela afakwa emifuleni engezansi komfula wamadamu ayinsalela asebenzayo ukuze kuqashwe ama-spikes angazelelwe ku-turbidity, okungasebenza njengenkomba eyisixwayiso yangaphambi kwesikhathi yokwephulwa komthetho.
Ukuhlola Ukungcoliswa Nokulandelela: Ngemva kwenhlekelele, amanethiwekhi abanzi ezinzwa asetshenziswa emifuleni ethintekile (isb., i-Rio Doce, i-Paraopeba River) ukuze kuhlale kuqashwe ukungcola, ukugxiliswa kwensimbi esindayo (isb, insimbi, i-manganese), ne-pH. Lokhu kuhlola ukusabalala, ukuqina, kanye nomthelela wesikhathi eside wemvelo wokungcola, ukuqondisa imizamo yokulungisa.
II. Izindima Nezinzuzo Ezibalulekile
Ngokusekelwe ezimweni ezingenhla, indima yezinzwa zekhwalithi yamanzi e-Brazil ingafingqwa ngokuthi:
Ukuvikela Impilo Yomphakathi: Iqinisekisa ukuphepha kwamanzi okuphuza kumashumi ezigidi zezakhamuzi zasemadolobheni ngokuqapha ngesikhathi sangempela imithombo yamanzi kanye namanethiwekhi okusabalalisa, ukuvimbela ukuqubuka kwezifo ezibangelwa amanzi.
Ukuvikelwa Kwemvelo Nokugcinwa Komthetho: Ihlinzeka “ngobufakazi obuqinile” kubalawuli bemvelo, okuvumela ukuqapha okuphumelelayo kwemithombo yokungcoliswa kwezimboni nezindawo zasemadolobheni, ukuvikela umfula, ichibi, nemvelo yasolwandle, kanye nokuvumela isinyathelo esiqondiswe ngokumelene nokukhishwa okungekho emthethweni.
Isexwayiso Sangaphambi Kwenhlekelele kanye Nempendulo Yezimo Eziphuthumayo: Inikeza izexwayiso zangaphambi kwesikhathi ezibalulekile emikhakheni efana nezimayini, ukuthenga isikhathi esibalulekile sokuphuma komphakathi okwehla nomfula. Ngemuva kwengozi, bavumela ukuhlolwa okusheshayo kokungcola ukuze kuqondise impendulo ephuthumayo.
Ukuthuthukisa Ukusebenza Ngekhono Lokusebenza: Isiza izinsiza zamanzi ukuthuthukisa izinqubo zokwelashwa, zonga kumakhemikhali nokusetshenziswa kwamandla, ngaleyo ndlela zehlise izindleko zokusebenza.
Ukusekela Ucwaningo Lwesayensi: Inikeza ososayensi idatha yekhwalithi yamanzi yesikhathi eside, eqhubekayo, enemvamisa ephezulu ukuze bafunde izindlela zemvelo eyingqayizivele (njenge-Amazon), imithelela yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, kanye nemiphumela yemvelo yemisebenzi yezolimo.
Ukungafihli Kwedatha Nokuqwashisa Komphakathi: Enye idatha yokuqapha (isb., ikhwalithi yamanzi olwandle) yenziwa ibe sesidlangalaleni, isiza abantu banqume ukuthi bazobhukuda noma badobe yini, ngaleyo ndlela kukhulisa ukubonakala obala ekuphathweni kwemithombo yamanzi.
Isifinyezo
Ngokusetshenziswa kwezinzwa zekhwalithi yamanzi, iBrazil ibhekana nenselele yomthombo wamanzi ngenkuthalo: ukungcoliswa okuvela emadolobheni ngokushesha, ubungozi bezingozi zezimboni, umthelela wokwanda kwezolimo, kanye nesibopho sokuvikela amagugu emvelo asezingeni lomhlaba. Lobu buchwepheshe bakha umnyombo wohlelo lokulawulwa kwamanzi olunezendlalelo eziningi, olubanzi—oluhlanganisa “isixwayiso kusenesikhathi,” “ukuqapha,” “ukuqinisekisa,” kanye “nocwaningo.” Nakuba izinselele zisesebubanzini bokusabalalisa, ukuhlanganiswa kwedatha, nokuxhaswa ngezimali, ukusetshenziswa kwazo okungokoqobo kubonise inani elikhulu nesidingo.
Futhi singahlinzeka ngezixazululo ezahlukahlukene
1. Imitha ephathwa ngesandla yekhwalithi yamanzi enepharamitha eningi
2. Isistimu ye-Buoy entantayo yekhwalithi yamanzi enepharamitha eminingi
3. Ibhulashi lokuhlanza okuzenzakalelayo lenzwa yamanzi yepharamitha eminingi
4. Isethi ephelele yamaseva nesoftware engenantambo, isekela i-RS485 GPRS /4g/WIFI/LORA/LORAWAN
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Isikhathi sokuthumela: Sep-01-2025