I. Izimo Ezinkulu Zokusetshenziswa
Izinzwa zekhwalithi yamanzi eBrazil zisetshenziswa kakhulu kulezi zimo ezilandelayo ezibalulekile:
1. Izinhlelo Zokuhlinza Amanzi Asemadolobheni kanye Nokuhlanza Amanzi Angcolile
Ucwaningo Lwesibonelo: I-SABESP (Inkampani Yokuhlanza Eyisisekelo Yesifundazwe saseSão Paulo), inkampani enkulu kunazo zonke eLatin America, isebenzisa kakhulu izinzwa zekhwalithi yamanzi ezinamapharamitha amaningi kuyo yonke inethiwekhi yayo yokuhlinzeka, kusukela emachibini kuya ezitshalweni zokuhlanza amanzi.
Izimo:
Ukuqapha Amanzi Omthombo: Ukuqapha ngesikhathi sangempela kwamapharamitha afana ne-pH, i-oxygen encibilikisiwe (DO), ukugcwala kwamanzi, ubuningi be-algal (chlorophyll-a), kanye nezaziso ze-cyanobacteria ezinobuthi ezinhlelweni ezinkulu zamanzi (isb., Uhlelo lwe-Cantareira) ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha kwamanzi aluhlaza.
Ukulawulwa Kwenqubo Yokwelapha: Izinzwa ezingaphakathi kwezitshalo zokwelapha zisetshenziselwa ukulawula ngokunembile ukunqunywa kwamakhemikhali (isb., ama-coagulant, ama-disinfectants) ngesikhathi sezinqubo ezifana nokujiya, ukuthungwa, ukuhlunga, kanye nokubulala amagciwane, ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kanye nokunciphisa izindleko.
Ukuqapha Inethiwekhi Yokusabalalisa: Izindawo zokuqapha zisethwa kuyo yonke inethiwekhi enkulu yokusabalalisa amanzi yasemadolobheni ukuze kulandelwe i-chlorine esele, ukungcola, nezinye izinkomba ngesikhathi sangempela. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuphepha kwamanzi ompompi ngesikhathi sokuthuthwa futhi kuvumela ukuhlonza ngokushesha izehlakalo zokungcola.
2. Ukuqapha Ukukhishwa Kwamanzi Angcolile Ezimbonini
Ucwaningo Lwesibonelo: I-Brazilian Institute of Environment and Renewable Natural Resources (IBAMA) kanye nezinhlangano zezemvelo zikahulumeni.
Izimo:
Ukuqapha Ukuhambisana Nemithetho: Izimboni ezinengozi ephezulu yokungcola (isb., uthuli kanye nephepha, izimayini, amakhemikhali, ukucubungula ukudla) kudingeka zifake izinhlelo zokuqapha ukungcola okuzenzakalelayo eziku-inthanethi ezindaweni zazo zokukhipha. Izinzwa zilinganisa njalo amapharamitha afana ne-Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), i-nitrogen iyonke, i-phosphorus iyonke, izinsimbi ezisindayo (isb., i-mercury, i-lead, edinga izinzwa ezithile), i-pH, kanye nesilinganiso sokugeleza.
Indima: Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukukhishwa kwamanzi angcolile kuhambisana nezindinganiso ezibekwe yiNational Council for the Environment (CONAMA). Ukudluliselwa kwedatha ngesikhathi sangempela kubalawuli kusiza ukuvimbela ukukhishwa okungekho emthethweni futhi kuhlinzeka ngobufakazi obuqondile bokuphoqelelwa komthetho.
3. Ukuqapha Ukungcola Kwezolimo Okungeyona Indawo Yezolimo
Ucwaningo Lwesibonelo: Izikhungo zocwaningo lwezolimo kanye nezemvelo emazweni amakhulu ezolimo njengeMato Grosso.
Izimo:
Ukuqapha Amanzi: Amanethiwekhi ezinzwa asetshenziswa emifuleni enezolimo ezinkulu ukuze kuqashwe izinguquko kuma-nitrate, ama-phosphate, ukungcoliswa kwamanzi, kanye nezinsalela zezibulala-zinambuzane.
Indima: Ihlola umthelela wokusetshenziswa komanyolo kanye nezibulala-zinambuzane emanzini, ihlola amaphethini okungcoliswa komthombo ongeyona indawo, futhi ihlinzeka ngemininingwane yokwazisa ngeMikhuba Yokuphatha Engcono Kakhulu (BMPs) kanye nezinqubomgomo zemvelo.
4. Ukuqapha Kwemvelo Kwemvelo (Imifula, Amachibi, Ogwini)
Izifundo Zezimo:
Ucwaningo lwe-Amazon Basin: Amaqembu ocwaningo avela kwi-National Institute for Amazonian Research (INPA) kanye namanyuvesi asebenzisa izinzwa ezisekelwe ku-buoy noma ezifakwe esikebheni ukuqapha izinga lokushisa kwamanzi, ukuhanjiswa kwamandla (ukulinganisa ukuhlushwa kwe-solute), ukukhukhuleka, umoya-mpilo oncibilikisiwe, kanye nokugeleza kwe-CO2 eMfuleni i-Amazon kanye nemifudlana yawo. Lokhu kubalulekile ekufundeni imijikelezo ye-hydrology kanye ne-biogeochemical yehlathi elikhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni.
Ukuqapha Ukugcwala Kwemvelo Ogwini: Emanzini asogwini emadolobheni amakhulu njengeRio de Janeiro neSão Paulo, izinzwa zisetshenziselwa ukuqapha ukugcwala kwemvelo okubangelwa ukukhishwa kwendle, zinikeze izixwayiso zakuqala zezimbali ze-algal eziyingozi (amaza abomvu) kanye nokuvikela ezokuvakasha kanye nezimboni zezolimo zasemanzini.
Izimo: Ama-buoy okuqapha alungisiwe, imikhumbi yokuqapha ehambayo, kanye nezinzwa eziphathekayo ezifakwe kuma-drones.
5. Isexwayiso Sasekuseni Sezinhlekelele Zezimayini kanye Nokuqapha Ngemva Kwenhlekelele (Kubaluleke Kakhulu)
Ucwaningo Lwesibonelo: Lesi ngesinye sezimo ezibucayi kakhulu, noma ngabe zibuhlungu, zokusetshenziswa eBrazil. Ngemva kokwehluleka kwamadamu asezindaweni zaseMinas Gerais (isb., iSamarco ngo-2015 kanye neVale ngo-2019), izinzwa zekhwalithi yamanzi zaba amathuluzi abalulekile.
Izimo:
Izinhlelo Zokuxwayisa Kwasekuqaleni: Amanethiwekhi ezinzwa zesikhathi sangempela afakwa emifuleni engezansi kwamadamu asezindaweni ezisebenzayo ukuze kuqashwe ukuphakama okungazelelwe kokudungeka kwamanzi, okungasebenza njengesibonakaliso sokuxwayisa kwasekuqaleni sokuphulwa komthetho.
Ukuhlolwa Kokungcola Nokulandelela: Ngemva kwenhlekelele, amanethiwekhi amaningi ezinzwa afakwa emifuleni ethintekile (isb., iRio Doce, uMfula iParaopeba) ukuze kuqashwe njalo ukungcoliswa, amazinga ensimbi esindayo (isb., insimbi, i-manganese), kanye ne-pH. Lokhu kuhlola ukusabalala, ubukhali, kanye nomthelela wesikhathi eside wokungcola kwemvelo, kuqondise imizamo yokulungisa.
II. Izindima Ezibalulekile Nezinzuzo
Ngokusekelwe ezimweni ezingenhla, indima yezinzwa zekhwalithi yamanzi eBrazil ingafingqwa kanje:
Ukuvikela Impilo Yomphakathi: Kuqinisekisa ukuphepha kwamanzi okuphuza amashumi ezigidi zezakhamuzi zasemadolobheni ngokuqapha imithombo yamanzi ngesikhathi sangempela kanye namanethiwekhi okusabalalisa, ukuvimbela ukuqubuka kwezifo ezibangelwa amanzi.
Ukuvikelwa Kwemvelo Nokuqiniswa Komthetho: Kuhlinzeka “ngobufakazi obuqinile” kubalawuli bezemvelo, okuvumela ukuqapha okuphumelelayo kwemithombo yokungcola kwezimboni kanye neyasemadolobheni, ukuvikela imvelo yemifula, ichibi, kanye neyasolwandle, kanye nokuvumela isinyathelo esiqondiwe ngokumelene nokukhishwa okungekho emthethweni.
Isexwayiso Sasekuseni Senhlekelele kanye Nokusabela Ezimweni Eziphuthumayo: Inikeza izexwayiso ezibalulekile zakuqala emikhakheni efana nezezimayini, ithenga isikhathi esibalulekile sokufuduka komphakathi oseduze. Ngemva kwengozi, zivumela ukuhlolwa okusheshayo kokungcola ukuze kuqondiswe impendulo ephuthumayo.
Ukuthuthukisa Ukusebenza Kahle Kokusebenza: Kusiza izikhungo zamanzi ukuthi zithuthukise izinqubo zokwelashwa, zonge amakhemikhali nokusetshenziswa kwamandla, ngaleyo ndlela kuncishiswe izindleko zokusebenza.
Ukusekela Ucwaningo Lwesayensi: Kuhlinzeka ososayensi ngedatha yekhwalithi yamanzi yesikhathi eside, eqhubekayo, evame kakhulu ukuze batadishe izindlela zemvelo ezihlukile (njenge-Amazon), imiphumela yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, kanye nemiphumela yezemvelo yemisebenzi yezolimo.
Ukucaca Kwedatha Nokuqwashisa Ngomphakathi: Olunye ulwazi lokuqapha (isib. ikhwalithi yamanzi asebhishi) lwenziwa obala, okusiza abantu ukuthi banqume ukuthi bayabhukuda noma bayadoba, ngaleyo ndlela kwandiswe ukucaca ekuphathweni kwemithombo yamanzi.
Isifinyezo
Ngokusebenzisa izinzwa zekhwalithi yamanzi, iBrazil ibhekana ngenkuthalo nezinselelo zayo zemithombo yamanzi: ukungcola okuvela ekukhuleni kwedolobha okusheshayo, ingozi yezingozi zezimboni, umthelela wokwanda kwezolimo, kanye nomthwalo wemfanelo wokuvikela ifa lemvelo elisezingeni lomhlaba. Lobu buchwepheshe bakha isisekelo sohlelo lokuphathwa kwemvelo yamanzi olunezingqimba eziningi, oluphelele—oluhlanganisa “isixwayiso sangaphambi kwesikhathi,” “ukuqapha,” “ukuphoqelela,” kanye “nocwaningo.” Nakuba izinselelo zisalokhu zisebubanzi bokuthunyelwa, ukuhlanganiswa kwedatha, kanye nokuxhaswa ngezimali, ukusetshenziswa kwazo okusebenzayo kubonise ukubaluleka okukhulu kanye nesidingo.
Singaphinde sinikeze izixazululo ezahlukahlukene ze
1. Imitha ephathwayo yekhwalithi yamanzi enamapharamitha amaningi
2. Uhlelo lwe-Floating Buoy lwekhwalithi yamanzi enamapharamitha amaningi
3. Ibhulashi lokuhlanza elizenzakalelayo lenzwa yamanzi enamapharamitha amaningi
4. Isethi ephelele yamaseva kanye nemodyuli engenantambo yesofthiwe, isekela i-RS485 GPRS /4g/WIFI/LORA/LORAWAN
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Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Septhemba-01-2025