Isingeniso: Indima Ebalulekile Yedatha Yemvula Enembile
Idatha yemvula enembile iyisisekelo sokuphathwa kwemvelo kwanamuhla kanye nokuphepha komphakathi. Lolu lwazi luyisisekelo sezinhlelo eziningi ezibalulekile, kusukela ekukhipheni izixwayiso zezinhlekelele zezikhukhula ngesikhathi esifanele kanye nokuhlela ukunisela kwezolimo kuya ekuhleleni nasekusebenziseni izinhlelo zokudonsa amanzi emadolobheni. Phakathi kwamathuluzi asetshenziswa ukuqoqa lolu lwazi, i-Tipping Bucket Rain Gauge (TBRG) ivelele njengenye yamathuluzi asetshenziswa kakhulu kumanethiwekhi okuqapha e-hydrometeorological emhlabeni jikelele.
Ukuthandwa kwayo kuvela esimisweni sokusebenza esiqondile, ukulula kokukhiqiza umkhiqizo wedijithali, kanye nokusebenza kwayo okuzinzile, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi semicimbi yemvula enamandla kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, imiklamo yendabuko inezinselele zokunemba ezingokwemvelo ezingalimaza ikhwalithi yedatha. Lesi sihloko sihlola isayensi ye-TBRG yesimanje enqoba lezi zinselele, isebenzisa ama-algorithms athuthukile kanye nezici zokuklama ezisebenzayo ukuze ilethe izinga elisha lokunemba elisekelwe ezindinganisweni zemboni ezingaqinisekiswa.
1. Ukuqonda Ibhakede Eligobhozayo: Indlela Ejwayelekile
Isimiso esiyisisekelo sokusebenza se-Tipping Bucket Rain Gauge siyisibonelo esihle sokuguqula inqubo eqhubekayo yomzimba ibe yimicimbi ehlukene, ebalwayo. Inqubo yenzeka ngokulandelana okucacile:
1.Iqoqo:Amanzi emvula abanjwa ngembobo ejwayelekile yokubamba, ubukhulu obubalulekile obuvame ukulinganiswa ku-300mm ukuqinisekisa ukuqhathaniswa kwedatha. Amanzi abe eseqondiswa ngesikrini sesihlungi, esisusa amaqabunga kanye nemfucumfucu, bese efakwa ku-funnel.
2.Ukulinganisa:Ukusuka ku-funnel, amanzi ageleza aye kwelinye lamakamelo amabili alinganayo, anama-bucket compartment. Le ngxenye eyinhloko iyisakhiwo "esiguquguqukayo ngomshini", esenzelwe ukuzungeza ku-axis ephansi yokungqubuzana.
3."Icebiso":Uma umthamo wamanzi ochazwe ngaphambilini uqongelela ekamelweni—umthamo, ngokwezindinganiso ezivamile zemboni, ohambisana nokujula kwemvula okungu-0.1mm—i-torque ebangelwa amandla adonsela phansi ibangela ukuthi yonke inqubo yebhakede ilahlekelwe ibhalansi futhi iwele.
4.Ukukhiqizwa Kwesignali:Njengoba ibhakede liwela, imagnethi encane idlula iswishi yomhlanga, okwenza ukuthi oxhumana nabo bangaphakathi bavale futhi bakhiqize i-pulse eyodwa kagesi. Lesi senzo sithulula igumbi lonke ngesikhathi esifanayo sibeka igumbi elingenalutho ngaphansi kwe-funnel ukuze kuqalwe umjikelezo olandelayo wokuqoqa. Emiklamo ethuthukisiwe, imagnethi ihlukaniswa nebhakede iye "endleleni yokubala yokujika," isici esihlakaniphile esivimbela amandla kazibuthe ukuthi angaphazamisi i-torque egobayo yebhakede.
Esimisweni sendabuko, ukushaya kwenhliziyo ngakunye kukagesi kumelela inani elinqunyiwe lemvula. Ngakho-ke imvula iyonke ibalwa ngokubala nje inani lokushaya kwenhliziyo esikhathini esithile.
2. Inselele Yokunemba: Ukwembula Amaphutha Angokwemvelo
Nakuba lesi simiso silula, izici eziningana ezibonakalayo zethula amaphutha okulinganisa ngaphansi kwezimo zangempela, okuvimbela amageyiji endabuko ekufinyeleleni ukunemba okuphezulu okudingekayo ezisetshenzisweni zanamuhla.
Inkinga 'Yokulahlekelwa Okunamandla'
Imbangela eyinhloko yephutha lokulinganisa, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi semvula enamandla kakhulu, yinto eyaziwa ngokuthi “ukulahleka okuguqukayo.” Lokhu kubhekisela emanzini emvula alahlekayo ngesikhathi esifushane—ngokuvamile ingxenye yomzuzwana—indlela yokwenza ibhakede iyasebenza, ijika isuka kolunye uhlangothi iye kolunye. Phakathi nalolu shintsho, amanzi agelezayo avela emhubheni awabanjwa yinoma yiliphi igumbi futhi alahleka kusukela ekulinganisweni. Lokhu kulahlekelwa kuhambisana ngqo namandla emvula; lapho imvula isinda, kulapho amaconsi ebhakede eshesha khona, futhi amanzi amaningi alahleka phakathi kwamaconsi. Lo mphumela ungaholela ekulinganisweni okuphansi ngo-5% kuya ku-10% kunemvula yangempela ngesikhathi sesiphepho esikhulu.
Eminye Imithombo Yamaphutha Ayinhloko
Ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa okuguqukayo, ezinye izici eziningana zinegalelo ekungaqinisekini kokulinganisa:
•Ukunamathela kanye nokuhwamuka:Ngesikhathi semvula encane noma ekuqaleni komcimbi, amanzi anamathela ebusweni be-funnel kanye namabhakede. Ezimweni ezomile noma ezishisayo, lo mswakama ungahwamuka ngaphambi kokulinganiswa, okuholela ekungabikwa kahle kwenani lemvula elandelanayo.
•Iphutha Lokuchitha:Amaconsi emvula ashesha kakhulu angashaya unqenqema lomqoqi bese ephuma, kanti amanye angashaya ingaphakathi le-funnel bese ephinda angene kwelinye ibhakede, okubangela amaphutha amabili amabi nakahle.
•Ibhalansi Yomshini Nokususwa Kwesignali:Uma ithuluzi lingalingani kahle, i-torque yokugoba yebhakede ngalinye ngeke ilingane, okuzoletha iphutha elihlelekile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuthintana komshini kweswishi yomhlanga "kungagxuma," kudale izimpawu eziningi ezingamanga ezivela ku-tip eyodwa. I-logic yokususa umsindo kagesi engaphumeleli ingaphuthelwa yi-tip efanele ngesikhathi semvula enamandla noma ibale i-tip eyodwa izikhathi eziningi.
Ukuchaza Ukunemba: Izimpawu Zokulinganisa Zemboni
Ukuze kubhekwe njengethuluzi elithembekile, i-rain gauge kumele ihlangabezane nezindinganiso zokusebenza eziqinile. Izindinganiso zemboni, njenge-HJ/T 175—2005 eShayina, zinikeza uhlaka lokulinganisa "lokunemba okuphezulu." Iphutha elingu-5% kuya ku-10% elivela ekulahlekelweni okuguquguqukayo liwukuphambuka okukhulu lapho lezi zindinganiso zidinga ukunemba okukhulu kakhulu. Izilinganiso ezibalulekile zifaka:
| Ipharamitha | Isidingo Sobuchwepheshe |
| Ukuqala Ukuqapha Imvula | ≤ 0.5 mm |
| Iphutha Lokulinganisa (lemvula iyonke ≤ 10 mm) | ± 0.4 mm |
| Iphutha Lokulinganisa (lemvula iyonke > 10 mm) | ± 4% |
| Isixazululo Esincane | 0.1 mm |
Ukuhlangabezana nalezi zindinganiso, ikakhulukazi ukubekezelelana okungu-±4% ngesikhathi semvula enkulu, akunakwenzeka nge-TBRG yendabuko ngaphandle kwendlela yokulungisa ehlakaniphile.
3. Isixazululo Esihlakaniphile: Ukufinyelela Ukunemba Nge-Algorithms Ethuthukisiwe
Isixazululo sesimanje senkinga yokunemba asitholakali ekulungisweni okuyinkimbinkimbi kwemishini, kodwa kusofthiwe ehlakaniphile esebenza nomklamo oqinile okhona. Le ndlela ilungisa amaphutha angokwemvelo ngokungeza ungqimba lobuhlakani bedijithali ohlelweni lwemishini oluqinisekisiwe.
Kusukela 'ekubaleni' kuya 'ekuchazeni': Amandla Esikhathi Sebhakede
Ubuchwepheshe obuyinhloko bulele endleleni ithuluzi elicubungula ngayo ithiphu ngayinye. Esikhundleni sokubala nje ama-pulse, iwashi langaphakathi lesistimu elisebenzisa imvamisa ephezulu lilinganisa ngokunembile isikhathi esiphakathi kwethiphu ngayinye elandelanayo. Lesi sikhathi sibizwa ngokuthi “ubude bebhakede”.
Lokhu kulinganisa kunikeza i-variable entsha enamandla. Kukhona ubudlelwano obuphambene phakathi kobude bebhakede kanye nobukhulu bemvula: ubude obufushane busho imvula enkulu, kanti ubude obude busho imvula encane. I-microprocessor esebhodini isebenzisa lobu bude bebhakede njengokufaka okubalulekile kumodeli yesinxephezelo esiguquguqukayo esingeyona imigqa, esichaza ubudlelwano phakathi kwenani lemvula langempela ngethiphu kanye nobude bethiphu. Lobu budlelwano, obumelelwa umsebenzi wokulungisa
J = 0, ivumela idivayisi ukuthi ibale ngokuguquguqukayo inani eliqondile lemvula ye-ithiphu ngayinye. Ngamaphuzu anesikhathi esifushane (ubukhulu obuphezulu), i-algorithm ibala inani lemvula elikhulu kancane, ifaka ngempumelelo amanzi abezolahleka ngenxa yomphumela wokulahleka okuguqukayo.Le ndlela esekelwe kwisofthiwe ihlanganisa isimiso "sokulungiswa okujikelezayo, okusondela kancane kancane esimweni esifanele." Ivumela ukulinganiswa kwethuluzi ukuthi kulungiswe kahle futhi kubuyekezwe ensimini ngokulungisa amapharamitha esofthiwe kunokwenza ukulungiswa okukhathazayo kwemishini ezisindweni noma ezikulufini. Lokhu kuyinzuzo enkulu yokusebenza kahle, okwenza kube lula kakhulu ukugcinwa kwesikhathi eside nokuqinisekisa ukunemba okuqhubekayo.
4. Yenzelwe iNkambu: Izici Ezisebenzayo kanye Nezicelo
Ngaphandle kobuchwepheshe bangaphakathi, i-rain gauge yesimanje yakhiwe ngezici ezisebenzayo ukuqinisekisa ukuthembeka kanye nokusebenziseka kalula ezimweni zasensimini ezidinga amandla.
Ukuqinisekisa Ukuthembeka Kwesikhathi Eside: Inzuzo Yokulwa Nokwakha Izidleke
Isithombe 1: I-funnel yokuqoqa imvula ifakwe izipikili ezivimbela ukwakheka kwezidleke, isici esibalulekile sokuvimbela ukuvinjelwa nokuqinisekisa ubuqotho bedatha yesikhathi eside ensimini.
Isici esivelele somqoqi uhla lwezipikili ezibukhali ezihlelwe nxazonke komphetho walo. Lesi yisivikelo esilula nesisebenza kahle kakhulu esivimbela izinyoni ukuthi zifike futhi zakhe izidleke ngaphakathi komphetho wegeyiji. Isidleke senyoni siyimbangela eyinhloko yokwehluleka kwensimu, njengoba singayivimba ngokuphelele imfule futhi siholele ekulahlekelweni kwedatha okuphelele. Lesi sici sokulwa nokwakha izidleke sivimbela ukuvinjelwa okunjalo, sithuthukise ngqo ukutholakala kwedatha, siqinisekise ubuqotho bedatha, futhi sinciphise ukuvakashelwa kwesayithi okubizayo ukuze kulungiswe.
Lapho Ukunemba Kubalulekile: Izimo Zokusebenza Eziyinhloko
Idatha enembile kakhulu enikezwa yilezi zilinganiselo ezithuthukisiwe ibalulekile emikhakheni eminingi:
•I-Meteorology kanye ne-Hydrology:Inikeza idatha enembile yokuqapha umjikelezo wamanzi, ukubikezela isimo sezulu, kanye nocwaningo lwesayensi mayelana namaphethini esimo sezulu.
•Isexwayiso Nokuvimbela Izikhukhula:Iletha idatha ethembekile, yesikhathi sangempela yokuqina kwemvula ebalulekile ezinhlelweni zokuxwayisa kusenesikhathi, isiza ekuvikeleni izimpilo kanye nempahla.
•Ukuphathwa Kwezolimo:Ivumela ukuhlela ukunisela ngokunemba ngokusekelwe emvuleni yangempela etholwayo, okusiza ukonga imithombo yamanzi nokwandisa isivuno.
•Ukuphathwa Kwamanzi Emadolobheni:Isekela ukuklama okuphumelelayo kanye nokulawulwa kokusebenza kwesikhathi sangempela kwamanethiwekhi okudonsa amanzi edolobheni kanye nezinhlelo zokuphatha amanzi emvula ukuvimbela izikhukhula zasemadolobheni.
Umongo Wokuqhathanisa: Isixazululo Esilinganiselayo
I-TBRG yesimanje, elungisiwe nge-algorithm ithatha isikhundla esiyingqayizivele nesibalulekile phakathi kobuchwepheshe bokulinganisa imvula. Nakuba ezinye izinsimbi zikhona, ngayinye iza nokushintshana okuphawulekayo:
•Amageyiji Okukala:Zinikeza ukunemba okuphezulu kakhulu futhi zingalinganisa imvula eqinile njengeqhwa. Kodwa-ke, ziyinkimbinkimbi ngokwemishini, zizwela kakhulu ekudlidlizeni okubangelwa umoya, futhi zinezindleko eziphakeme kakhulu, okwenza zingasebenzi ekusetshenzisweni kwenethiwekhi ebanzi.
•Izikali zeSiphon:Nikeza irekhodi eliqhubekayo lemvula kodwa zivame ukwehluleka kwemishini, zidinga ukulungiswa njalo, futhi "zinendawo engaboni" ngesikhathi senqubo yokumunca ngokushesha.
•Amageyiji Okukhanya:Azinazo izingxenye ezihambayo futhi zinikeza izikhathi zokuphendula okusheshayo, kodwa ukunemba kwazo kuncike kumamodeli ezibalo okuguqula ukusabalala kokukhanya kube amazinga emvula futhi kungonakalisa ukungcoliswa yinkungu noma ilensi.
I-TBRG ehlakaniphile ivala ngempumelelo igebe lokunemba ngama-gauge okulinganisa abizayo, ikakhulukazi ukuze kube nomswakama, kuyilapho igcina ukuqina kwemvelo, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla aphansi, kanye nokusebenza kahle kwezindleko okwenza umklamo wokuqala ube yindawo yonke.
5. Isiphetho: Okuhle Kakhulu Kuwo Omabili Amazwe
Isilinganiso semvula sebhakede elinokunemba okuphezulu lesimanje sihlanganisa ngempumelelo ukuqina okuqinisekisiwe kanye nobulula bomklamo wendabuko wemishini nokunemba okuphezulu kohlelo lokulungisa oluhlakaniphile, oluqhutshwa yisoftware. Ngokuchaza ithiphu ngayinye ngokusekelwe esikhathini sayo kunokuyibala nje, inqoba ukulahlekelwa okuguquguqukayo okungokwemvelo okuthinta amamodeli amadala, okuvumela ukuthi ihlangabezane nezindinganiso zokunemba zemboni eziqinile kulo lonke ububanzi bokuna kwemvula.
Ithola ibhalansi efanele phakathi kokunemba nokusebenza kahle. Nakuba amageyiji okukala anganikeza ukunemba okuphezulu endaweni elawulwayo, i-TBRG elungisiwe yi-algorithm inikeza ukusebenza okungafani kakhulu nokuqina okukhulu kanye nokusebenza kahle kwezindleko kumanethiwekhi amakhulu. Ihlanganiswe nezici ezisebenzayo ezenzelwe ukuthunyelwa kwensimu isikhathi eside, imelela njengesixazululo esiqinile, esinembile, nesingenakekeli kahle kunoma yimuphi uchwepheshe odinga idatha yemvula ethembekile, esezingeni eliphezulu.
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