Izinzwa zegesi ezingaqhumi zidlala indima ebalulekile ekuphepheni kwezimboni kulo lonke elaseKazakhstan. Okulandelayo ukuhlaziywa okuningiliziwe kwezicelo zazo zangempela, izinselelo, kanye nezixazululo ezweni.
Umongo Wezimboni Nezidingo eKazakhstan
IKazakhstan ingumdlali omkhulu embonini kawoyela, igesi, izimayini, kanye namakhemikhali. Izindawo zokusebenza kule mikhakha zivame ukuba nezingozi ezivela kumagesi avuthayo (i-methane, ama-VOC), amagesi anobuthi (i-Hydrogen Sulfide H₂S, i-Carbon Monoxide CO), kanye nokuntuleka komoya-mpilo. Ngakho-ke, izinzwa zegesi ezingaqhumi ziyimishini ebalulekile yokuqinisekisa ukuphepha kwabasebenzi, ukuvimbela izingozi ezinkulu, kanye nokugcina umkhiqizo uqhubeka.
Ukubaluleka Kwesitifiketi Esivikela Ukuqhuma: EKazakhstan, imishini enjalo kumele ihambisane nemithethonqubo yobuchwepheshe yendawo kanye nezitifiketi zomhlaba wonke ezivikela ukuqhuma ezamukelwa kabanzi, njengezindinganiso ze-ATEX (EU) kanye ne-IECEx (International), ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha kwazo ezindaweni eziyingozi.
Amacala Okusebenza Kwangempela
Icala 1: Ukukhishwa Kwe-Oyili Negesi Emfuleni Ophezulu – Ama-Drilling Rigs kanye Nemithombo Yamanzi
- Indawo: Izindawo ezinkulu zikawoyela negesi njengeTengiz, Kashagan, neKarachaganak.
- Isimo Sokusetshenziswa: Ukuqapha amagesi avuthayo kanye ne-Hydrogen Sulfide (H₂S) ezinkundleni zokubhoboza, ezinkundleni zokuhlanganisa imithombo, ezihlukanisi, nasezikhungweni zokuqoqa.
- Izinselele:
- Indawo Ebucayi Kakhulu: Amakhaza asebusika anzima (ngaphansi kuka-30°C), uthuli lwasehlobo/iziphepho zesihlabathi, okudinga ukumelana nesimo sezulu esiphezulu semishini.
- Ukuhlushwa Okuphezulu kwe-H₂S: Uwoyela ongahluziwe kanye negesi yemvelo emikhakheni eminingi kuqukethe amazinga aphezulu e-H₂S enobuthi obukhulu, lapho ngisho nokuvuza okuncane kungaba yingozi.
- Ukuqapha Okuqhubekayo: Inqubo yokukhiqiza iyaqhubeka; noma yikuphi ukuphazamiseka kubangela ukulahlekelwa okukhulu kwezomnotho, okudinga izinzwa ukuthi zisebenze ngokwethembeka nangokuzinzile.
- Izixazululo:
- Ukufakwa kwezinhlelo zokuthola igesi eziqinile eziphephile noma ezivikela ulaka.
- Izinzwa zisebenzisa isimiso se-Catalytic Bead (LEL) ezintweni ezivuthayo kanye namaseli e-Electrochemical ngenxa yokuntuleka kwe-H₂S kanye ne-O₂.
- Lezi zinzwa zibekwe ngendlela efanele ezindaweni ezingase zivuthe (isb., eduze kwamavalvu, ama-flange, ama-compressor).
- Umphumela:
- Uma amazinga kaphethiloli efika ezingeni eliphansi le-alamu esethiwe, ama-alamu azwakalayo nabonakalayo aqala ukusebenza ngokushesha egumbini lokulawula.
- Uma i-alamu isifikile ezingeni eliphezulu, uhlelo lungaqala ngokuzenzakalelayo izinqubo zokuvala eziphuthumayo (i-ESD), njengokuvala ama-valve, ukwenza kube lula ukungenisa umoya, noma ukuvala izinqubo, ukuvimbela imililo, ukuqhuma, noma ubuthi.
- Izisebenzi zihlonyiswe ngemishini yokubona igesi engaqhumi kalula ukuze zingene endaweni evalekile kanye nokuhlolwa okuvamile.
Icala 2: Amapayipi Okudlulisa Igesi Yemvelo kanye Neziteshi Zokucindezela
- Indawo: Iziteshi ze-compressor kanye neziteshi ze-valve ezisemanethiwekhini ephayiphi ye-trans-Kazakhstan (isb., iphayiphi ye-Central Asia-Center).
- Isimo Sokusetshenziswa: Ukuqapha ukuvuza kwe-methane emahholo e-compressor, kuma-regulator skid, nasezinhlanganweni zamapayipi.
- Izinselele:
- Ukuvuza Okunzima Ukukubona: Umfutho ophezulu wombhobho usho ukuthi ngisho nokuvuza okuncane kungaba yingozi ngokushesha.
- Iziteshi Ezingenamuntu: Iziteshi eziningi zamavalvu akude azinamuntu, zidinga ukuqapha okukude kanye namakhono okuzihlola.
- Izixazululo:
- Ukusetshenziswa kwezinzwa zegesi ezivuthayo eziqinile ezivikela ukuqhuma kwe-Infrared (IR). Lezi azithinteki yizimo ezintula umoya-mpilo futhi zihlala isikhathi eside, okwenza zilungele igesi yemvelo (ikakhulukazi i-methane).
- Ukuhlanganiswa kwezinzwa ezinhlelweni ze-SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) zokudlulisa idatha kude kanye nokuqapha okuphakathi.
- Umphumela:
- Ivumela ukuqapha ingqalasizinda ebalulekile amahora angama-24 ngosuku, izinsuku eziyi-7 ngesonto. Igumbi lokulawula eliphakathi lingathola ukuvuza ngokushesha bese lithumela ithimba lokulungisa, okunciphisa kakhulu isikhathi sokuphendula nokuqinisekisa ukuphepha komthambo wamandla kazwelonke.
Icala 3: Ukumbiwa Kwamalahle – Ukuqapha Igesi Engaphansi Komhlaba
- Indawo: Izimayini zamalahle ezifundeni ezifana neKaraganda.
- Isimo Sokusetshenziswa: Ukuqapha amazinga e-fireamp (ikakhulukazi i-methane) kanye ne-carbon monoxide emigwaqweni yezimayini nasezindaweni zokusebenza.
- Izinselele:
- Ingozi Ephakeme Kakhulu Yokuqhuma: Ukuqongelela kwe-methane kuyimbangela eyinhloko yokuqhuma kwezimayini zamalahle.
- Indawo Enzima: Umswakama ophezulu, uthuli oluningi, kanye nomthelela ongaba khona wemishini.
- Izixazululo:
- Ukusetshenziswa kwezinzwa ze-methane ezivikelekile ze-Mining Intrinsically, eziklanyelwe ngokukhethekile ukumelana nezimo ezinzima zangaphansi komhlaba.
- Ukwakhiwa kwenethiwekhi yezinzwa eziminyene enokudluliselwa kwedatha ngesikhathi sangempela esikhungweni sokuthunyelwa kwendawo.
- Umphumela:
- Uma ukugcwala kwe-methane kudlula umkhawulo ophephile, uhlelo lunciphisa ngokuzenzakalelayo amandla engxenyeni ethintekile futhi lubangele ama-alamu okuphuma, okuvimbela ngempumelelo ukuqhuma kwe-methane.
- Ukuqapha i-carbon monoxide ngesikhathi esisodwa kusiza ukuthola izimpawu zokuqala zokusha okuzenzakalelayo emithonjeni yamalahle.
Icala 4: Izindawo Zokuhluza Amakhemikhali Namafutha
- Indawo: Izindawo zokuhlanza kanye nezitshalo zamakhemikhali emadolobheni afana ne-Atyrau ne-Shymkent.
- Isimo Sokusetshenziswa: Ukuqapha amagesi ahlukahlukene avuthayo nanobuthi ezindaweni ze-reactor, amapulazi amathangi, izindawo zokupompa, kanye nezindawo zokulayisha/zokukhulula.
- Izinselele:
- Izinhlobo Ezihlukahlukene Zamagesi: Ngaphandle kwezinto ezivuthayo ezijwayelekile, kungase kube namagesi athile anobuthi njenge-benzene, i-ammonia, noma i-chlorine.
- Umkhathi Ogqwalisayo: Umhwamuko ovela kumakhemikhali athile ungagqwalisa izinzwa.
- Izixazululo:
- Ukusetshenziswa kwezitholi zegesi eziningi, lapho ikhanda elilodwa lingaqapha khona amagesi avuthayo kanye namagesi anobuthi angu-1-2 ngesikhathi esisodwa.
- Ukuhlomisa izinzwa ngezindawo ezingangeni uthuli/ezingangeni manzi (ezilinganiswe yi-IP) kanye nezihlungi ezingagqwali.
- Umphumela:
- Ihlinzeka ngokuqapha okuphelele kokuphepha kwegesi kwezinqubo zamakhemikhali eziyinkimbinkimbi, ivikela abasebenzi bezitshalo kanye nemiphakathi ezungezile, futhi iqinisekisa ukulandelwa kwemithethonqubo yokuphepha kwezimboni kanye nemvelo yaseKazakhstan eqinile.
Isifinyezo
EKazakhstan, izinzwa zegesi ezingaqhumi aziyona into evamile; ziyindlela "yokuphila" yokuphepha kwezimboni. Ukusetshenziswa kwazo kwangempela kufinyelela kuzo zonke izingxenye zamandla nezimboni ezinkulu, kuthinta ngqo ukuphepha kwabasebenzi, ukuvikelwa kwezimpahla eziyizigidigidi zamaRandi, kanye nokuzinza komnotho wesizwe.
Ngobuchwepheshe obuthuthukayo, izinzwa ezinamakhono ahlakaniphile, ukuxhumana okungenantambo, isikhathi eside sokuphila, kanye nokuzihlola okuthuthukisiwe kuba umkhuba omusha kokubili kumaphrojekthi amasha kanye nokuthuthukiswa ngaphakathi eKazakhstan, okuqinisa isisekelo sokukhiqiza okuphephile kulesi sizwe esicebile ngezinsiza.
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Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Septhemba-30-2025