Isingeniso: Lapho Ukukhanya Kwelanga Kuba “Okuguquguqukayo”
Ingqikithi yokukhiqizwa kwamandla e-photovoltaic ukuguqula amandla emisebe yelanga abe amandla kagesi, futhi amandla okukhipha kwawo athintwa ngqo ngesikhathi sangempela yimingcele eminingi yesimo sezulu efana nokukhanya kwelanga, izinga lokushisa elizungezile, isivinini somoya kanye nesiqondiso, umswakama womkhathi kanye nemvula. Lezi mingcele azisezona nje izibalo emibikweni yesimo sezulu, kodwa “iziguquguquko zokukhiqiza” ezibalulekile ezithinta ngqo ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqizwa kwamandla eziteshi zamandla, ukuphepha kwemishini kanye nokubuyiselwa kwemali. Ngakho-ke iSiteshi Sezulu Esizenzakalelayo (i-AWS) sishintshe kusuka ethuluzini locwaningo lwesayensi saba “inzwa yezinzwa” kanye “netshe legumbi lokwenza izinqumo” elibalulekile leziteshi zamandla zesimanje ze-photovoltaic.
I. Ubudlelwano obunezinhlangothi eziningi phakathi kwamapharamitha okuqapha i-Core kanye nokusebenza kahle kwesiteshi sikagesi
Isiteshi sezulu esizenzakalelayo esizinikele seziteshi zamandla ze-photovoltaic sakhe uhlelo lokuqapha oluhlelwe ngokwezifiso kakhulu, futhi yonke idatha ihlobene kakhulu nokusebenza kwesiteshi samandla:
Ukuqapha imisebe yelanga ("ukulinganisa umthombo" wokukhiqizwa kwamandla)
Imisebe iyonke (i-GHI): Inquma ngqo amandla aphelele atholwa amamojula e-photovoltaic futhi iyona ebaluleke kakhulu ekubikezelweni kokukhiqizwa kwamandla.
Imisebe eqondile (i-DNI) kanye nemisebe ehlakazekile (i-DHI): Kuma-array e-photovoltaic asebenzisa ama-tracking brackets noma amamojula athile e-bifacial, le datha ibalulekile ekwenzeni ngcono amasu okulandelela kanye nokuhlola ngokunembile inzuzo yokukhiqizwa kwamandla ngemuva.
Inani lohlelo lokusebenza: Linikeza idatha yokulinganisa engenakufakwa esikhundleni yokulinganisa ukusebenza kokukhiqizwa kwamandla (ukubalwa kwenani le-PR), isibikezelo sokukhiqizwa kwamandla sesikhathi esifushane, kanye nokuxilongwa kokusebenza kahle kwamandla esiteshini samandla.
2. Izinga lokushisa elizungezile kanye nezinga lokushisa elingemuva kwengxenye ("isilinganiso sokushisa" sokusebenza kahle)
Izinga lokushisa eliphakathi: Lithinta isimo sezulu esincane kanye nezidingo zokupholisa zesiteshi sikagesi.
Izinga lokushisa le-backsheet le-module: Amandla okukhipha amamojula e-photovoltaic ayancipha njengoba izinga lokushisa likhuphuka (ngokuvamile -0.3% kuya ku-0.5%/℃). Ukuqapha izinga lokushisa le-backplane ngesikhathi sangempela kungalungisa ngokunembile ukuphuma kwamandla okulindelekile futhi kubone ukushabalaliswa kokushisa okungavamile kwezingxenye noma izingozi ezingaba khona ze-hot spot.
3. Isivinini somoya kanye nesiqondiso (“Inkemba esika nhlangothi zombili” yokuphepha kanye nokuphola
Ukuphepha kwesakhiwo: Imimoya enamandla esheshayo (njengaleyo engaphezu kwama-25m/s) iyisivivinyo sokugcina sokwakheka komthwalo wemishini wezakhiwo zokusekela ze-photovoltaic namamojula. Izexwayiso zesivinini somoya zesikhathi sangempela zingavusa uhlelo lokuphepha, futhi uma kudingeka, zisebenze imodi yokuvikela umoya ye-single-axis tracker (njenge-"indawo yesiphepho").
Ukupholisa ngokwemvelo: Isivinini somoya esifanele sisiza ukwehlisa izinga lokushisa lokusebenza kwezingxenye, okuthuthukisa ngokungaqondile ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqizwa kwamandla. Idatha isetshenziselwa ukuhlaziya umphumela wokupholisa umoya nokuthuthukisa ukwakheka kwe-array kanye nesikhala.
4. Umswakama ohlobene kanye neNyuka (“izibonakaliso zesexwayiso” zokusebenza nokugcinwa kanye namaphutha)
Umswakama ophezulu: Kungabangela imiphumela ye-PID (Potential-induced Attenuation), kusheshise ukugqwala kwemishini, futhi kuthinte ukusebenza kokuvikela.
Ukuna kwemvula: Idatha yemvula ingasetshenziswa ukuhlobanisa nokuhlaziya umphumela wokuhlanza wemvelo wezingxenye (ukwanda kwesikhashana kokukhiqizwa kukagesi), nokuqondisa ukuhlela umjikelezo wokuhlanza ongcono kakhulu. Izexwayiso zemvula enkulu zihlobene ngqo nokusabela kwezinhlelo zokulawula izikhukhula kanye nokukhipha amanzi.
5. Ingcindezi yomoya kanye nezinye izinhlaka (“izinto ezisizayo” ezicwengisisiwe)
Isetshenziselwa ukulungisa idatha yokukhanya okunembile kakhulu kanye nokuhlaziywa kwezinga locwaningo.
Ii. Izimo Zohlelo Lokusebenza Oluhlakaniphile Oluqhutshwa Yidatha
Ukugeleza kwedatha yesiteshi sezulu esizenzakalelayo, ngokusebenzisa inethiwekhi yokuqoqa idatha kanye nokuxhumana, kugeleza ohlelweni lokuqapha kanye nokutholwa kwedatha (i-SCADA) kanye nohlelo lokubikezela amandla lwesiteshi sikagesi se-photovoltaic, okubangela izinhlelo zokusebenza eziningi ezihlakaniphile:
1. Ukubikezela okunembile kokukhiqizwa kukagesi kanye nokuthunyelwa kwegridi
Ukubikezela kwesikhathi esifushane (ngehora/ngosuku olwedlule): Ngokuhlanganisa ukushiswa kwemisebe ngesikhathi sangempela, amamephu amafu kanye nezibikezelo zezulu zezinombolo (i-NWP), kusebenza njengesisekelo esiyinhloko seminyango yokuthumela igridi yamandla ukulinganisela ukuguquguquka kwamandla e-photovoltaic nokuqinisekisa ukuzinza kwegridi yamandla. Ukunemba kokubikezela kuhlobene ngqo nemali engenayo yokuhlola yesiteshi samandla kanye nesu lokuhweba emakethe.
Ukubikezela kwesikhathi esifushane kakhulu (izinga lemizuzu): Ngokuyinhloko kusekelwe ekuqapheni izinguquko ezisheshayo ekukhanyeni ngesikhathi sangempela (njengokudlula kwamafu), kusetshenziselwa ukuphendula okusheshayo kwe-AGC (Automatic Generation Control) ngaphakathi kweziteshi zamandla kanye nokukhipha amandla okushelelayo.
2. Ukuxilongwa okujulile kokusebenza kwesiteshi sikagesi kanye nokwenza ngcono ukusebenza kwesiteshi sikagesi kanye nokulungiswa kwaso
Ukuhlaziywa kwesilinganiso sokusebenza (i-PR): Ngokusekelwe kudatha yokukhanya okulinganisiwe kanye nokushisa kwezingxenye, bala ukukhiqizwa kwamandla okucatshangelwayo bese ukuqhathanisa nokukhiqizwa kwamandla kwangempela. Ukwehla kwesikhathi eside kwamanani e-PR kungabonisa ukubola kwezingxenye, amabala, izithiyo noma amaphutha kagesi.
Isu lokuhlanza elihlakaniphile: Ngokuhlaziya ngokuphelele imvula, ukuqongelela uthuli (okungacatshangwa ngokungaqondile ngokunciphisa imisebe), isivinini somoya (uthuli), kanye nezindleko zokulahlekelwa ugesi, uhlelo lokuhlanza izingxenye olungcono kakhulu ngokwezomnotho luyakhiqizwa ngendlela eguquguqukayo.
Isexwayiso sempilo yemishini: Ngokuqhathanisa umehluko wokukhiqizwa kwamandla kwama-sub-array ahlukene ngaphansi kwezimo zezulu ezifanayo, amaphutha emabhokisini okuhlanganisa, ama-inverter noma amazinga entambo angatholakala ngokushesha.
3. Ukuphepha Kwempahla Nokuphathwa Kwengozi
Isexwayiso sezulu esibi kakhulu: Beka imingcele yemimoya enamandla, imvula enkulu, iqhwa elinzima, amazinga okushisa aphezulu kakhulu, njll., ukuze uthole izexwayiso ezizenzakalelayo futhi uqondise abasebenzi bokusebenza nokulungisa ukuthi bathathe izinyathelo zokuzivikela njengokuqinisa, ukuqinisa, ukukhipha amanzi noma ukulungisa imodi yokusebenza kusenesikhathi.
Ukuhlolwa Komshwalense Nokutholakala Kwempahla: Nikeza amarekhodi edatha yesimo sezulu aqotho naqhubekayo ukuze unikeze ubufakazi obuthembekile bomuntu wesithathu bokuhlolwa kokulahlekelwa yinhlekelele, izimangalo zomshwalense, kanye nokuthengiselana kwempahla yesiteshi sikagesi.
Iii. Ukuhlanganiswa Kwezinhlelo kanye Nezindlela Zobuchwepheshe
Iziteshi zezulu ze-photovoltaic zesimanje ziyathuthuka ukuze zihlanganise kahle, zithembeke kakhulu futhi zihlakaniphe.
Umklamo ohlanganisiwe: Inzwa yemisebe, imitha yokushisa nomswakama, i-anemometer, umqoqi wedatha kanye nokunikezwa kwamandla (iphaneli yelanga + ibhethri) kuhlanganiswe ohlelweni lwe-mast oluzinzile nolungagqwali, okuvumela ukuthunyelwa okusheshayo nokusebenza okungenakulungiswa.
2. Ukunemba okuphezulu nokuthembeka okuphezulu: Izinga lenzwa lisondela ezingeni lesibili noma ngisho ezingeni lokuqala, eliqukethe imisebenzi yokuzihlola kanye nokuzilinganisa ukuqinisekisa ukunemba kwesikhathi eside kanye nokuzinza kwedatha.
3. Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-edge computing kanye ne-AI: Yenza ukucubungula idatha kwangaphambi kwesikhathi kanye nokwahlulela okungajwayelekile ekugcineni kwesiteshi ukuze kuncishiswe umthwalo wokudluliswa kwedatha. Ngokuhlanganisa ubuchwepheshe bokuqashelwa kwezithombe ze-AI nokusebenzisa isithombe esiphelele ukuze kusizwe ekuboneni izinhlobo zamafu kanye namavolumu amafu, ukunemba kwezibikezelo zesikhathi esifushane kakhulu kuyathuthukiswa kakhulu.
4. Isiteshi Sikagesi Esiyi-Digital Twin kanye Nesiteshi Sikagesi Esiyi-Virtual: Idatha yesiteshi sesimo sezulu, njengokufakwa okuqondile okuvela ezweni elibonakalayo, iqhuba imodeli eyi-digital twin yesiteshi sikagesi se-photovoltaic ukwenza ukulingisa ukukhiqizwa kwamandla, ukubikezela amaphutha, kanye nokwenza ngcono isu lokusebenza nokugcinwa endaweni ebonakalayo.
Iv. Amacala Okufaka Isicelo kanye Nokulinganiswa Kwenani
Isiteshi sikagesi se-photovoltaic esingu-100MW esisendaweni eyinkimbinkimbi enezintaba, ngemuva kokusebenzisa inethiwekhi yokuqapha isimo sezulu encane equkethe iziteshi ezincane eziyisithupha, sifeze lokhu:
Ukunemba kokubikezela amandla kwesikhathi esifushane kuthuthuke cishe ngo-5%, okunciphisa kakhulu izinhlawulo zokuhlolwa kwegridi.
Ngokuhlanzwa okuhlakaniphile okusekelwe kudatha yesimo sezulu, izindleko zokuhlanza zonyaka zincishiswa ngo-15%, kuyilapho ukulahlekelwa kokukhiqiza ugesi okubangelwa amabala kunciphisa ngaphezu kuka-2%.
Ngesikhathi sezulu esinamandla esishintshashintshayo, imodi yokuvimba umoya yavulwa emahoreni amabili kusengaphambili ngokusekelwe esixwayisweni somoya onamandla, okwavimbela umonakalo ongaba khona ekusekelweni. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi ukulahlekelwa kwehliswe yizigidi eziningana zama-yuan.
Isiphetho: Kusukela “Ekuthembeleni Emvelweni ukuze uziphilise” kuya “Ekwenzeni Ngokuvumelana Nemvelo”
Ukusetshenziswa kweziteshi zezulu ezizenzakalelayo kubonisa ushintsho ekusebenzeni kweziteshi zamandla ze-photovoltaic kusukela ekuthembeleni kokuhlangenwe nakho kanye nokuphathwa okubanzi kuya enkathini entsha yokuphathwa kwesayensi, okucwengekile nokuhlakaniphile okugxile kudatha. Kwenza iziteshi zamandla ze-photovoltaic zingagcini nje ngokubona ukukhanya kwelanga kodwa futhi “nokuqonda” isimo sezulu, ngaleyo ndlela zikhulise inani lawo wonke umsebe wokukhanya kwelanga futhi zithuthukise imali engenayo yokukhiqizwa kwamandla kanye nokuphepha kwempahla kuyo yonke imjikelezo yokuphila. Njengoba amandla e-photovoltaic eba amandla amakhulu ekushintsheni kwamandla emhlabeni wonke, isikhundla esibalulekile sesiteshi sezulu esizenzakalelayo, esisebenza “njengeso laso elihlakaniphile”, nakanjani sizoba sivelele kakhulu.
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