Izici Zezimfuneko Zokuqapha Imvula Yezinkathi Zezipulamu Nezimvula
Imvula yamaplamu (Meiyu) iwuphawu oluyingqayizivele lwemvula olwakheka ngesikhathi sokuqhubekela phambili kwemvula yasehlobo eMpumalanga Asia enyakatho, ikakhulukazi oluthinta isifunda saseYangtze River saseShayina, iHonshu Island yaseJapan, kanye neNingizimu Korea. Ngokwezinga likazwelonke laseShayina elithi “Meiyu Monitoring Indicators” (GB/T 33671-2017), izifunda zemvula yamaplamu zaseShayina zingahlukaniswa zibe yizindawo ezintathu: iJiangnan (I), iMiddle-Lower Yangtze (II), kanye neJianghuai (III), ngayinye inezinsuku ezihlukile zokuqala—indawo yaseJiangnan ivame ukungena esizini yaseMeiyu kuqala ngoJuni 9 ngokwesilinganiso, ilandelwe yiMiddle-Lower Yangtze ngoJuni 14, kanye neJianghuai ngoJuni 23. Lokhu kuguquguquka kwendawo kudala isidingo sokuqapha imvula okubanzi, okuqhubekayo, okuhlinzeka ngamathuba amaningi okusetshenziswa kwamageji emvula.
Isizini yemvula yamaplamu ka-2025 ibonise ukuthambekela kokuqala kusenesikhathi—izifunda zaseJiangnan kanye nezifunda zaseMiddle-Lower Yangtze zangena eMeiyu ngoJuni 7 (izinsuku ezi-2-7 ngaphambi kokujwayelekile), kanti isifunda saseJianghuai saqala ngoJuni 19 (izinsuku ezi-4 kusenesikhathi). Lokhu kufika kusenesikhathi kwandisa ukuphuthuma kokuvimbela izikhukhula. Imvula yamaplamu inesikhathi eside, ukuqina okuphezulu, kanye nokumbozwa okubanzi—isibonelo, imvula yaseMiddle-Lower Yangtze ka-2024 idlule isilinganiso somlando ngaphezu kuka-50%, kanti ezinye izindawo zibhekene “neMeiyu enobudlova” ebangela izikhukhula ezinkulu. Kulesi simo, ukuqapha imvula okunembile kuba yitshe lesisekelo sokwenza izinqumo zokulawula izikhukhula.
Ukuqashelwa kwemvula okuvamile ngesandla kunemikhawulo ebalulekile: imvamisa yokulinganisa ephansi (ngokuvamile izikhathi ezingu-1-2 ngosuku), ukudluliswa kwedatha okuhamba kancane, kanye nokungakwazi ukubamba imvula enkulu yesikhathi esifushane. Ama-gauge emvula azenzakalelayo anamuhla asebenzisa i-tipping-bucket noma izimiso zokulinganisa avumela ukuqapha ngomzuzu nomzuzu noma ngisho nomzuzwana nomzuzwana, kanye nokudluliswa kwedatha okungenantambo ngesikhathi sangempela okuthuthukisa kakhulu ukuhambisana nesikhathi nokunemba. Isibonelo, uhlelo lwe-tipping-bucket rain gauge e-Yongkang's Sanduxi Reservoir eZhejiang lulayisha ngqo idatha kumapulatifomu e-hydrological esifundazweni, okufeza ukuqapha imvula "okulula futhi okusebenzayo".
Izinselele zobuchwepheshe ezibalulekile zifaka: ukugcina ukunemba ngesikhathi semvula enkulu (isb., ama-660mm ezinsukwini ezi-3 eTaiping Town yaseHubei ngo-2025—1/3 yemvula yonyaka); ukuthembeka kwemishini ezindaweni ezinomswakama; kanye nokubekwa kwesiteshi esimele endaweni eyinkimbinkimbi. Amageyiji emvula yesimanje abhekana nalokhu ngezinto zokulwa nokugqwala zensimbi engagqwali, ukuphindaphinda kwebhakede eliphindwe kabili, kanye namandla elanga. Amanethiwekhi aminyene anikwe amandla yi-IoT njengohlelo lwe-“Digital Levee” lwaseZhejiang abuyekeza idatha yemvula njalo ngemizuzu emi-5 evela eziteshini eziyi-11.
Okuphawulekayo ukuthi ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu kuyandisa kakhulu izimo ezibucayi zaseMeiyu—imvula yaseMeiyu ka-2020 yayingaphezu kwesilinganiso esingu-120% (esiphezulu kakhulu kusukela ngo-1961), ifuna amageyiji emvula anamazinga okulinganisa abanzi, ukumelana nomthelela, kanye nokudluliselwa okuthembekile. Idatha yaseMeiyu iphinde isekele ucwaningo lwesimo sezulu, inikeze ulwazi ngamasu okuzivumelanisa nezimo isikhathi eside.
Izicelo Ezintsha eShayina
I-China ithuthukise izinhlelo zokuqapha imvula eziphelele kusukela ekubonweni kwendabuko ngesandla kuya ezixazululweni ze-IoT ezihlakaniphile, lapho amageji emvula eguquka abe ama-node abalulekile amanethiwekhi ahlakaniphile e-hydrological.
Amanethiwekhi Okulawula Izikhukhula Zedijithali
Uhlelo lwe-“Digital Levee” lweSifunda saseXiuzhou luyisibonelo sezinhlelo zokusebenza zesimanje. Ngokuhlanganisa ama-rain gauge nezinye izinzwa zamanzi, lulayisha idatha njalo ngemizuzu emi-5 epulatifomu yokuphatha. “Ngaphambilini, sasilinganisa imvula ngesandla sisebenzisa ama-degreeed cylinders—angasebenzi kahle futhi ayingozi ebusuku. Manje, izinhlelo zokusebenza zeselula zinikeza idatha yesikhathi sangempela esigodini sonke,” kusho uJiang Jianming, iPhini likaMqondisi weHhovisi lezoLimo laseWangdian Town. Lokhu kuvumela abasebenzi ukuthi bagxile ezindleleni zokuqapha njengokuhlolwa kwama-dike, ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokuphendula ngezikhukhula ngaphezu kwama-50%.
EDolobheni laseTongxiang, uhlelo lwe-“Smart Waterlogging Control” luhlanganisa idatha evela eziteshini ze-telemetry ezingu-34 nezibikezelo zamanzi ezisebenza nge-AI ezisebenza amahora angu-72. Ngesikhathi sesizini ka-Meiyu ka-2024, lukhiphe imibiko yemvula engu-23, izixwayiso zezikhukhula ezi-5, kanye nezixwayiso ezimbili zokugeleza okuphezulu, okubonisa indima ebalulekile ye-hydrology “njengamehlo nezindlebe” zokulawula izikhukhula. Idatha yesilinganiso semvula esezingeni lemizuzu igcwalisa ukubonwa kwe-radar/satellite, yakha uhlaka lokuqapha olunezinhlangothi eziningi.
Izicelo Zokuchibiyela kanye Nezolimo
Ekuphathweni kwemithombo yamanzi, iSanduxi Reservoir yaseYongkang isebenzisa amageyiji azenzakalelayo emagatsheni emisele ayi-8 kanye nokulinganisa ngesandla ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuchelela. “Ukuhlanganisa izindlela kuqinisekisa ukwabiwa kwamanzi okunengqondo ngenkathi kuthuthukiswa ukuqapha okuzenzakalelayo,” kuchaza umphathi uLou Qinghua. Idatha yemvula iqondisa ngqo ukuhlela ukuchelela kanye nokusatshalaliswa kwamanzi.
Ngesikhathi sokuqala kukaMeiyu ngo-2025, iHubei's Water Sciences Institute yasebenzisa uhlelo lokubikezela izikhukhula ngesikhathi sangempela oluhlanganisa ukubikezela kwesimo sezulu amahora angama-24/72 nedatha yedamu. Njengoba kwaqala ukulingisa iziphepho ezingama-26 kanye nokusekela imihlangano emi-5 ephuthumayo, ukuthembeka kohlelo kuncike ekulinganisweni kwesilinganiso semvula okunembile.
Intuthuko Yezobuchwepheshe
Amageyiji emvula anamuhla afaka izinto ezintsha eziningana ezibalulekile:
- Ukulinganisa Okuhlanganisiwe: Ukuhlanganisa izimiso zokulinganisa kanye nokulinganisa ukuze kulondolozwe ukunemba kuwo wonke amandla (0.1-300mm/h), ukubhekana nemvula eguquguqukayo yaseMeiyu.
- Imiklamo Yokuzihlanza: Izinzwa ze-Ultrasonic kanye nezingubo ezimboza amanzi zivimbela ukunqwabelana kwemfucumfucu—okubalulekile ngesikhathi semvula enkulu yaseMeiyu. I-Oki Electric yaseJapan ibika ukwehla kokugcinwa okungu-90% ngezinhlelo ezinjalo.
- I-Edge Computing: Ukucubungula idatha kudivayisi kuhlunga umsindo futhi kuhlonza izehlakalo ezimbi kakhulu endaweni, okuqinisekisa ukuthembeka ngisho noma kuneziphazamiso zenethiwekhi.
- Ukuhlanganiswa Kwamapharamitha Amaningi: Iziteshi ezihlanganisiwe zaseNingizimu Korea zilinganisa imvula kanye nomswakama/izinga lokushisa, okuthuthukisa izibikezelo zokudilika komhlaba okuhlobene neMeiyu.
Izinselele Neziqondiso Zesikhathi Esizayo
Naphezu kwentuthuko, imikhawulo isaqhubeka:
- Izimo Ezibucayi: “I-Meiyu enobudlova” ka-2024 e-Anhui ilayishe ngokweqile amandla e-gauge angu-300mm/h athile
- Ukuhlanganiswa Kwedatha: Izinhlelo ezihlukene zivimbela ukubikezela izikhukhula eziya ezindaweni ezahlukene
- Ukusabalala Kwasemakhaya: Izindawo ezikude ezinezintaba azinazo izindawo ezanele zokuqapha
Izixazululo ezintsha zifaka:
- Ama-Gauge Eselula Asetshenziswa Ama-Drone: I-MWR yaseShayina ihlole ama-gauge athwalwa yi-UAV ukuze asetshenziswe ngokushesha ngesikhathi sezikhukhula zika-2025
- Ukuqinisekiswa kwe-Blockchain: Amaphrojekthi okuhlola eZhejiang aqinisekisa ukungaguquguquki kwedatha ezinqumweni ezibalulekile
- Ukubikezela Okuqhutshwa yi-AI: Imodeli entsha yaseShanghai yehlisa ama-alamu angamanga ngo-40% ngokufunda komshini
Njengoba ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu kwandisa ukuguquguquka kweMeiyu, amazinga esizukulwane esilandelayo azodinga:
- Ukuqina okuthuthukisiwe (ukuvimbela amanzi nge-IP68, ukusebenza kwe--30°C~70°C)
- Amabanga okulinganisa abanzi (0~500mm/h)
- Ukuhlanganiswa okuqinile namanethiwekhi e-IoT/5G
Njengoba uMqondisi uJiang ephawula: “Lokho okwaqala njengokulinganisa imvula okulula sekuyisisekelo sokuphathwa kwamanzi okuhlakaniphile.” Kusukela ekulawulweni kwezikhukhula kuya ocwaningweni lwesimo sezulu, amageji emvula ahlala esetshenziswa kakhulu ekuqiniseni imvula ezindaweni zemvula.
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Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Juni-25-2025