Izinzwa zezinga lamanzi e-Piezoresistive seziyingxenye ebalulekile yesu elibanzi lokuphatha amanzi lase-Singapore, elisekela uguquko lwesizwe oluya “ku-Smart Water Grid.” Lesi sihloko sihlola ukusetshenziswa okuhlukahlukene kwalezi zinzwa ezinamandla nezinemba kuwo wonke amasistimu wamanzi asemadolobheni ase-Singapore, kusukela ekuvimbeleni izikhukhula kuya ekuphathweni kwedamu kanye namanethiwekhi ahlakaniphile amanzi. Njengobuchwepheshe obuguqula umfutho wamanzi ube amasignali kagesi kusetshenziswa izakhi ze-piezoresistive, lezi zinzwa zinikeza i-Public Utilities Board (PUB) yase-Singapore idatha ethembekile, yesikhathi sangempela yokuthuthukisa ukusebenza, ukuthuthukisa ukuqina kwesistimu, nokuthuthukisa ukulethwa kwesevisi kwingqalasizinda yamanzi eyinkimbinkimbi yezwe.
Isingeniso Senzwa Ye-Piezoresistive Emkhakheni Wamanzi wase-Singapore
Uhambo lwaseSingapore lokuba ngumholi womhlaba jikelele ekuphathweni kwamanzi luqhutshwa yisidingo. Njengesizwe esincane esisesiqhingini esinemithombo yamanzi emvelo elinganiselwe kanye nokuba sengozini okukhulu kwemithelela yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu njengemvula enamandla nokukhuphuka kolwandle, i-Singapore itshale imali eningi kubuchwepheshe bamanzi obusha. Phakathi kwalokhu, izinzwa zezinga lamanzi ezi-piezoresistive ziye zavela njengengxenye ebalulekile yengqalasizinda yokuqapha amanzi yezwe, enikeza ukwethembeka okungenakuqhathaniswa kanye nokunemba ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene zasemanzini.
Izinzwa ze-Piezoresistive zisebenza ngesimiso sokuthi izinto ezithile zishintsha ukumelana kwazo nogesi lapho zingaphansi kokucindezeleka kwemishini. Ekusetshenzisweni kwezinga lamanzi, lezi zinzwa zikala ingcindezi ye-hydrostatic ekhishwa ikholomu yamanzi, elingana ngokuqondile nobude bamanzi. Lobu budlelwano bomzimba buvumela ukunqunywa okunembile kwezinga lamanzi kungakhathaliseki ukucaca kwamanzi, i-turbidity, noma ukuba khona kwezinto eziqinile ezimisiwe—izici ezivame ukubekela inselele obunye ubuchwepheshe njengezinzwa ze-ultrasonic noma ze-optical.
I-Public Utilities Board (PUB), i-ejensi yamanzi kazwelonke yase-Singapore, ikhiphe ngobuchule izinzwa ze-piezoresistive kuzo zonke izizinda eziningi zokulawulwa kwamanzi. Lokhu kuthunyelwa kubhekana nezinselele ezimbalwa ezihlukile zase-Singapore: isidingo sokubikezela okunembile kwezikhukhula endaweni eshisayo ethanda ukuna kakhulu, imfuneko yokuphathwa kwedamu elinembile ezweni elingenawo umhlaba elidale amachibi amaningi asemadolobheni, kanye nesidingo sedatha ethembekile ukuze kusetshenziswe inethiwekhi eqhubekayo yokuphakelwa kwamanzi eyinkimbinkimbi futhi exhumene.
Indaba yamanzi yaseSingapore ingenye yezinguquko—ukusuka ekuswelekeni kwamanzi kuya ekuvikelekeni kwamanzi. Ompompi Abane Besizwe (amanzi abamba amanzi endawo, amanzi angenisiwe, i-NEWater, namanzi akhishwe usawoti) bamele isu elihlukene lokuhlinzeka ngamanzi lapho ingxenye ngayinye idinga ukuqapha ngokucophelela. Izinzwa ze-Piezoresistive zifaka isandla kulelisu ngokunikeza idatha enembile, yesikhathi sangempela edingekayo ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kubo bonke ompompi abane, ikakhulukazi kumasistimu abamba amanzi asendaweni manje aqoqa amanzi ezingxenyeni ezimbili kwezintathu zendawo esemhlabeni yase-Singapore.
Ukwamukelwa kobuchwepheshe be-piezoresistive kuhambisana nohlelo olubanzi lwase-Singapore lwe-Smart Nation, olugcizelela ukuthathwa kwezinqumo okuqhutshwa idatha kuyo yonke imikhakha. Ekulawulweni kwamanzi, lokhu kuhumusha kuzinzwa ezinganikezi nje izilinganiso kuphela kodwa futhi ezihlanganisa ngaphandle komthungo nezinkundla zokuhlaziya ezithuthukisiwe, okuvumela ukunakekelwa okubikezelwayo, amasistimu okulawula okuzenzakalelayo, namandla okuxwayisa kwangaphambi kwesikhathi. Ukuqina kwezinzwa ze-piezoresistive—ikhono lazo lokulondoloza ukunemba naphezu kwe-biofouling, ukushintshashintsha kwezinga lokushisa, nokuthunyelwa kwesikhathi eside—kuzenza zifaneleke ngokukhethekile indawo eshisayo yase-Singapore kanye nezindinganiso eziqondile ze-PUB zekhwalithi yedatha nokwethembeka kwesistimu.
Ukuqapha Izikhukhula kanye Nezinhlelo Zokuxwayisa Zakuqala
Isimo sezulu esishisayo sase-Singapore siletha imvula enamandla engakwazi ukumboza ngokushesha izinhlelo zokudonsa amanzi, okwenza ukuqapha kwezikhukhula okuqinile kubaluleke kakhulu ukuze kuqine idolobha. I-Public Utilities Board (PUB) iqalise inethiwekhi ebanzi yezinzwa zezinga lamanzi e-piezoresistive njengengxenye yesu layo lokulawula ubungozi bezikhukhula, idale enye yezinhlelo ezithuthuke kakhulu zokuxwayisa ngezikhukhula zasemadolobheni emhlabeni. Lezi zinzwa zinikeza idatha ebalulekile edingekayo ukuze kuqalwe, kuqashwe, futhi kuphendule izehlakalo zezikhukhula kuyo yonke indawo yedolobha eliminyene lesiqhingi.
Ukuthunyelwa Kwenzwa Ezindaweni Ezinobungozi obukhulu
I-PUB ifake ngendlela ehlelekile izinzwa ze-piezoresistive cishe ezindaweni ezibalulekile ezingu-200 kuyo yonke inethiwekhi yokukhipha amanzi yase-Singapore, ngokugxila ngokukhethekile ezindaweni eziphansi kanye nezindawo ezazinezikhukhula zomlando57. Lezi zinzwa zihlale ziqapha amazinga amanzi emiseleni, emiseleni, nasemifuleni, zinikeza idatha yesikhathi sangempela kumasistimu okulawula amaphakathi e-PUB. Ubuchwepheshe be-piezoresistive bukhethelwe lezi zinhlelo zokusebenza ngenxa yokwethembeka kwabo okukhethekile ezimweni zemvelo eziyinselele zase-Singapore—umswakama ophezulu, izimvula ezinkulu ezivamile, kanye namandla ezikhukhula agcwele udoti angangcolisa ezinye izinhlobo zezinzwa.
Izinzwa ziyingxenye yesistimu edidiyelwe yokuqapha izikhukhula ehlanganisa i-radar yemvula, amakhamera e-CCTV, neziqapha izinga lamanzi. Kodwa-ke, izinzwa zezinga lamanzi ze-piezoresistive zisebenza njengesisekelo, zinikeza isilinganiso esiqondile sengozi yezikhukhula zangempela ezindaweni ezithile. Izilinganiso zazo zibaluleke kakhulu ngoba zithwebula umphumela odidiyelwe wazo zonke izinqubo ze-hydrological ezikhuphuka nomfula—izinga lemvula, izici zokugeleza kwamanzi, nokusebenza kwesistimu yokukhipha amanzi—ngepharamitha eyodwa, echazeka kalula: ukujula kwamanzi.
Izindlela Zokuxwayisa Ezizenzakalelayo
Uhlelo lwase-Singapore lokuqapha izikhukhula lusebenzisa idatha yenzwa ye-piezoresistive ukuze ikhiqize izexwayiso ezizenzakalelayo ngeziteshi eziningi. Uma amaleveli amanzi ekhuphukela kuma-threshold anqunywe kusengaphambili (ngokujwayelekile ku-50%, 75%, 90%, kanye no-100% wokujula okubalulekile), isistimu icupha izaziso nge-SMS, uhlelo lokusebenza leselula le-MyWaters, kanye nezibonisi zegumbi lokulawula le-PUB7. Le ndlela yokuqapha enezigaba ivumela izimpendulo ezithweswe iziqu, kusukela ekuqaphelweni okujwayelekile kuya ekungeneleleni okuphuthumayo.
Ukunemba okuphezulu kwezinzwa ze-piezoresistive (±0.1% yesikali esigcwele ekufakweni okuningi) kuqinisekisa ukuthi izexwayiso zisekelwe esilinganisweni esinembile, kuncishiswe ama-alamu amanga kuyilapho kunikeza isikhathi esanele sesixwayiso. Izakhamizi namabhizinisi bangabhalisa ukuze bathole izexwayiso zezindawo zokuzwa ezifika kwezintathu, okuvumela izexwayiso eziqondene nawe ngezikhukhula ezindaweni ezithintekayo7. Leli zinga lokwenza ngokwezifiso lingenzeka kuphela ngenxa yokuthi izinzwa ze-piezoresistive zinikeza idatha ethembekile engaguquki i-PUB nomphakathi ongayethemba.
Ukuhlanganiswa Nengqalasizinda Yokulawula Izikhukhula
Ngale kwezinhlelo eziyisixwayiso, idatha yenzwa ye-piezoresistive ilawula ngokuqondile ingqalasizinda yokunciphisa izikhukhula ngokuzenzakalelayo ezindaweni ezimbalwa kulo lonke elaseSingapore. Ezindaweni ezifana ne-Orchard Road—isifunda sezitolo esihlangabezane nezikhukhula ezimbi ngo-2010 nango-2011—idatha yenzwa iqala ukusebenza kwezithiyo zezikhukhula zesikhashana futhi ivule amaphampu anamandla ukuze aphambukise amanzi ezikhukhula5. Isikhathi sokuphendula esisheshayo sezinzwa (imvamisa esingaphansi kwesekhondi elilodwa) sibalulekile kulezi zinhlelo zokusebenza, okuvumela amasistimu okulawula ukuthi asabele ngaphambi kokuba izimo zezikhukhula zibe zimbi.
Isicelo esisodwa esiphawulekayo uhlelo lwangaphansi “lokuvikela izikhukhula” lwezakhiwo ezisezindaweni ezithandwa yizikhukhula. Lapha, izinzwa ze-piezoresistive ezifakwe ezindaweni zokupaka izimoto ezingaphansi komhlaba zixhuma kuma-alamu wokwakha, zinikeza izixwayiso eziqondile kubaphathi bezakhiwo nakubantu abahlala lapho amanzi ezikhukhula esongela5. Ukwakhiwa okuqinile kwezinzwa kuqinisekisa ukusebenza okuthembekile ngisho nalapho zicwile emanzini kancane, indawo evamile yokwehluleka kobuchwepheshe obuqinile.
Ukusebenza Phakathi Nemicimbi Yesimo Sezulu Esidlulele
Inethiwekhi yezinzwa ze-piezoresistive yase-Singapore ifakazele ukubaluleka kwayo phakathi nemicimbi eminingi yemvula enamandla kakhulu. Isibonelo, phakathi nesiphepho sango-2018 esehlise imvula ecishe ibe ngu-160mm emahoreni amane—enye yezimvula ezinamandla kakhulu emlandweni wase-Singapore—inethiwekhi yezinzwa inikeze i-PUB ngezibuyekezo zomzuzu nomzuzu kumazinga amanzi kuso sonke isiqhingi. Le datha ivumele ukuthunyelwa okuhlosiwe kwamathimba okusabela ezikhukhuleni kanye nokuxhumana okunembile komphakathi mayelana nokuthi yiziphi izindawo ebezisengozini kakhulu.
Ukuhlaziywa kwangemuva komcimbi kwedatha yezinzwa kuphinde kwasiza i-PUB ukukhomba izithiyo zesistimu yokukhipha amanzi futhi yandise ukutshalwa kwezimali kwengqalasizinda yesikhathi esizayo. Ikhono lezinzwa ze-piezoresistive ukunikeza izilinganiso ezinembile ngisho naphakathi kwezimo ezimbi kakhulu lizenza zibaluleke ngokukhethekile kulolu phenyo lwe-forensic, njengoba zithwebula i-hydrograph ephelele yezehlakalo zezikhukhula ngaphandle kwezikhala zedatha phakathi nokugeleza okuphezulu.
Ukuphathwa Kwedamu kanye Nokugcina Amanzi
Indlela emisha yaseSingapore yokugcina amanzi nokuphathwa kwedamu incike kakhulu ekuqaphelweni okunembayo kwezinga lamanzi, okunezinzwa ze-piezoresistive ezidlala indima ebalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukusebenza kahle nokuphepha kwalezi zimpahla zamanzi ezibalulekile. Njengedolobha eliyisiqhingi elinemithombo yamanzi emvelo alinganiselwe, i-Singapore isiguqule isimo sayo sedolobha ukuze isebenze njengendawo edonsa amanzi, yakha inethiwekhi enkulu yamadamu manje aqoqa amanzi ezingxenyeni ezimbili kwezintathu zomhlaba wezwe. Ukuphathwa kwala madamu kudinga idatha enembile, yesikhathi sangempela yezinga lamanzi—imfuneko ehlangatshezwana ngokuphelele nobuchwepheshe bezinzwa ze-piezoresistive.
I-Marina Reservoir System Monitoring
I-Marina Reservoir, indawo egcina amanzi etholakala emadolobheni kakhulu eSingapore, iyisibonelo sokusetshenziswa okuyinkimbinkimbi kwezinzwa ze-piezoresistive ezindaweni zokugcina amanzi ezinkulu. Izinzwa eziningi zibekwe ngendlela efanele ekujuleni nasezindaweni ezihlukene endaweni yonke ukuze ziqaphe hhayi nje kuphela amazinga amanzi ewonke kodwa nemiphumela yokuhlukanisa kanye nokwehluka kwendawo3. Lezi zilinganiso zibalulekile ezicini ezithile zokusebenza:
- Ukuphathwa Kokuphakelwa Kwamanzi: Idatha yezinga elinembile iqinisekisa amazinga aphezulu okuhoxiswa agcina ukutholakala ngesikhathi kugwenywa ukwehla okungadingekile.
- Ukuthwebula Amanzi Esiphepho: Phakathi nemicimbi yemvula, izinzwa zisiza ukunquma ukuthi kungakanani ukugeleza okwengeziwe okungamuncwa ngokuphepha.
- Ukulawula Usawoti: E-Marina Barrage, idatha yenzwa yazisa ukusebenza kwesango ukuvimbela ukungena kwamanzi olwandle kuyilapho ivumela ukuchithwa okufanele.
Izinzwa ze-piezoresistive e-Marina Reservoir zenzelwe ngokukhethekile ukumelana nezimo zamanzi anosawoti lapho amanzi ahlanzekile ehlangana nolwandle, nezinto ezikhethiwe ukumelana nokugqwala kule ndawo eyinselele. Ukwakhiwa kwazo okuqinile kuvumela ukusebenza okuqhubekayo ngokulungiswa okuncane, naphezu kokucwiliswa njalo nokuchayeka kumakhemikhali ahlukahlukene wamanzi.
Ukuqapha Kwamathangi Esitoreji Esimisiwe
Ngale kwamadamu amakhulu, izinzwa ze-piezoresistive ziqapha amazinga amanzi emathangini amaningi okugcina ahlukaniselwe izindawo zaseSingapore—ingqalasizinda ebalulekile yokugcina umfutho wamanzi kanye neziqiwi eziphuthumayo kuyo yonke inethiwekhi yokusabalalisa amanzi esiqhingini37. Lezi zinhlelo zokusebenza zibonisa ukuhlukahluka kwezinzwa:
- Amathangi Ophahla Lwasemadolobheni: Emabhilidini aphakeme, izinzwa ziqinisekisa ukutholakala kwamanzi anele ezitezi ezingaphezulu kuyilapho zivimbela ukuchichima.
- Izikhala Zesevisi: Lezi zindawo zokugcina ezimaphakathi zisebenzisa idatha yenzwa ukuze kuthuthukiswe amashejuli okumpompa nokusetshenziswa kwamandla.
- Isitoreji Esiphuthumayo: Iziqiwu zamasu ezigcinelwe isomiso noma izimo zokwehluleka kwengqalasizinda ziqashwe ngokucophelela ukuze zilungele.
I-PUB inezinzwa ezimisiwe ze-piezoresistive zalezi zinhlelo zokusebenza ngenxa yokusebenza kwazo ngokungaguquki kuwo wonke amajiyometri ethangi ahlukene kanye nekhono lazo lokusebenzisana ngokuqondile namasistimu e-SCADA enza ngokuzenzakalelayo inethiwekhi yokusabalalisa amanzi yase-Singapore.
Futhi singahlinzeka ngezixazululo ezahlukahlukene
1. Imitha ephathwa ngesandla yekhwalithi yamanzi enepharamitha eningi
2. Isistimu ye-Buoy entantayo yekhwalithi yamanzi enepharamitha eminingi
3. Ibhulashi lokuhlanza okuzenzakalelayo lenzwa yamanzi yepharamitha eminingi
4. Isethi ephelele yamaseva nesoftware engenantambo, isekela i-RS485 GPRS /4g/WIFI/LORA/LORAWAN
Ukuze uthole inzwa yamanzi eyengeziwe ulwazi,
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Isikhathi sokuthumela: Jun-27-2025