Njengoba imboni yomhlaba wonke yezolimo zasemanzini iqhubeka nokukhula, amamodeli okulima endabuko abhekana nezinselele eziningi ezihlanganisa ukungasebenzi kahle kwekhwalithi yamanzi, ukuqapha okungalungile komoyampilo oncibilikisiwe, kanye nezingozi ezinkulu zokulima. Kulo mongo, kuye kwavela izinzwa ze-oxygen ezincibilikisiwe ezisekelwe ezimisweni ze-optical, kancane kancane zishintsha izinzwa ze-electrochemical zendabuko ngezinzuzo zazo zokunemba okuphezulu, ukusebenza okunganakekelwa, kanye nokuqapha kwesikhathi sangempela, okuba yimishini ebalulekile embonini yokudoba ehlakaniphile yesimanje. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuhlaziywa okujulile kokuthi izinzwa ze-oxygen ezincibilikisiwe zibhekana kanjani namaphuzu obuhlungu embonini ngokusebenzisa emisha yezobuchwepheshe, zibonisa ukusebenza kwazo okuvelele ekuthuthukiseni ukusebenza kahle kokulima nokunciphisa izingozi ngokusebenzisa izimo ezingokoqobo, futhi sihlola amathemba abanzi alobu buchwepheshe ekukhuthazeni ukuguqulwa okuhlakaniphile kwe-aquaculture.
Amaphuzu Obuhlungu Bemboni: Imikhawulo Yezindlela Zokuqapha Umoya Oyimpunga Eyenziwe Ngokwendabuko
Imboni yezasemanzini sekuyisikhathi eside ibhekene nezinselelo ezinkulu ekuqaphelweni komoyampilo oncibilikisiwe, okuthinta ngqo impumelelo yokulima kanye nezinzuzo zezomnotho. Kumamodeli okulima endabuko, abalimi ngokuvamile bathembela ekuhlolweni kwechibi okwenziwa ngesandla kanye nolwazi lokuhlola amazinga omoya-mpilo ancibilikisiwe emanzini, indlela engasebenzi nje kuphela kodwa futhi ehlushwa ukubambezeleka okukhulu. Abalimi abanolwazi bangase bahlulele izimo ze-hypoxia ngokungaqondile ngokubheka indlela izinhlanzi ezihlala ngayo noma izinguquko endleleni yokudla, kodwa ngesikhathi kuvela lezi zimpawu, ukulahlekelwa okungenakulungiseka sekuvele kwenzeka. Izibalo zemboni zibonisa ukuthi emapulazini endabuko angenazo izinhlelo zokuqapha ezihlakaniphile, ukufa kwezinhlanzi ngenxa ye-hypoxia kungafinyelela ku-5%.
Izinzwa ze-oxygen ezincibilikisiwe ze-Electrochemical, njengabameleli bobuchwepheshe bokuqapha besizukulwane sangaphambilini, ziye zathuthukisa ukunemba kokuqapha ngezinga elithile kodwa zisenemikhawulo eminingi. Lezi zinzwa zidinga ukushintshwa kwe-membrane kanye ne-electrolyte njalo, okuholela ezindlekweni eziphezulu zokunakekela. Ukwengeza, banezidingo eziqinile zejubane lokugeleza kwamanzi, futhi izilinganiso emanzini amile zivame ukuhlanekezelwa. Okubaluleke nakakhulu, izinzwa ze-electrochemical zithola ukukhukhuleka kwesignali ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa isikhathi eside futhi zidinga ukulinganisa okuvamile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukunemba kwedatha, kubeka umthwalo owengeziwe ekuphathweni kwepulazi kwansuku zonke.
Ushintsho oluzumayo lwezinga lamanzi “lingababulali abangabonakali” kwezemvelo yasemanzini, futhi ukushintshashintsha okukhulu komoyampilo oncibilikisiwe ngokuvamile kuyizimpawu zokuqala zokuwohloka kwekhwalithi yamanzi. Phakathi nezinkathi zonyaka ezishisayo noma ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kungazelelwe, amazinga omoya-mpilo ancibilikisiwe emanzini angehla kakhulu phakathi nesikhathi esifushane, okwenza kube nzima ngezindlela zokuqapha zendabuko ukubamba lezi zinguquko ngesikhathi. Icala elijwayelekile lenzeke e-Baitan Lake Aquaculture Base e-Huanggang City, eSifundazweni sase-Hubei: ngenxa yokwehluleka ukuthola ngokushesha amazinga komoyampilo ancibilikisiwe, isenzakalo se-hypoxic engazelelwe sabangela ukulahlekelwa cishe okuphelele kumahektare amaningi wamachibi ezinhlanzi, okubangele ukulahlekelwa okuqondile kwezomnotho okudlula i-yuan eyisigidi. Izehlakalo ezifanayo zenzeka kaningi ezweni lonke, zigqamisa ukushiyeka kwezindlela ezijwayelekile zokuqapha umoya-mpilo ohlakaziwe.
Ukuqamba okusha kubuchwepheshe bokuqapha umoya-mpilo oncibilikisiwe akuseyona nje ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokulima kodwa kumayelana nentuthuko esimeme yayo yonke imboni. Njengoba ukuminyana kwezolimo kuqhubeka kwanda kanye nezidingo zemvelo ziba namandla, isidingo semboni sobuchwepheshe bokuqapha umoya-mpilo obunembile, isikhathi sangempela, kanye nesondlo esincane esincibilikisiwe sikhula ngokuphuthumayo. Kungenxa yalokhu okwasemuva lapho izinzwa ze-oxygen ezincibilikisiwe zamehlo, ezinosizo lwazo oluyingqayizivele lwezobuchwepheshe, ziye zangena kancane kancane emkhakheni wombono wemboni yezasemanzini futhi zaqala ukubumba kabusha indlela yemboni yokuphatha izinga lamanzi.
Ukuphumelela Kwezobuchwepheshe: Izimiso Zokusebenza kanye Nezinzuzo Ezibalulekile Zezinzwa Zokubona
Ubuchwepheshe obuyinhloko bezinzwa ze-oxygen ezincibilikisiwe zisekelwe kumgomo wokucisha i-fluorescence, indlela yokulinganisa entsha eguqule ngokuphelele ukuqapha kwe-oksijini encibilikisiwe. Uma ukukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka okukhishwa inzwa kukhanyisela into ekhethekile ye-fluorescent, into leyo iyajabula futhi ikhiphe ukukhanya okubomvu. Ama-molecule e-oksijeni anekhono eliyingqayizivele lokuthwala amandla (akhiqiza umphumela wokucisha), ngakho amandla nobude bokukhanya okubomvu okukhishwayo kuhambisana ngokuphambene nokuhlangana kwama-molecule omoya-mpilo emanzini. Ngokulinganisa ngokunembile umehluko wesigaba phakathi kokukhanya okubomvu okujabulile nokukhanya okuyireferensi nokukuqhathanisa namanani okulinganisa angaphakathi, inzwa ingakwazi ukubala ngokunembile ukuhlushwa komoya-mpilo oncibilikisiwe emanzini. Le nqubo yomzimba ayibandakanyi ukusabela kwamakhemikhali, igwema izithiyo eziningi zezindlela zendabuko ze-electrochemical.
Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinzwa ze-electrochemical zendabuko, izinzwa zomoya-mpilo ezincibilikisiwe zamehlo zibonisa izinzuzo zobuchwepheshe eziphelele. Esokuqala isici sazo esingawudli umoya-mpilo, okusho ukuthi abanazo izidingo ezikhethekile zejubane lokugeleza kwamanzi noma ukuyaluza, okubenza bafanelekele izindawo ezihlukahlukene zokulima—kungakhathaliseki ukuthi amachibi amile noma amathangi agelezayo anganikeza imiphumela yokulinganisa enembile. Okwesibili ukusebenza kwazo okuvelele kokulinganisa: isizukulwane sakamuva sezinzwa ze-optical singafinyelela izikhathi zokuphendula ezingaphansi kwamasekhondi angu-30 kanye nokunemba okungu-±0.1 mg/L, okuzivumela ukuba zithwebule izinguquko ezicashile ku-oxygen encibilikile. Ukwengeza, lezi zinzwa ngokuvamile zifaka idizayini yokuphakelwa kwamandla kagesi ebanzi (DC 10-30V) futhi ifakwe izixhumanisi zokuxhumana ze-RS485 ezisekela iphrothokholi ye-MODBUS RTU, okuzenza kube lula ukuzihlanganisa ezinhlelweni ezihlukahlukene zokuqapha.
Ukusebenza kwesikhathi eside ngaphandle kokulungisa kungenye yezici ezidume kakhulu zezinzwa ze-oxygen ezincibilikisiwe phakathi kwabalimi. Izinzwa ze-electrochemical zendabuko zidinga ukushintshwa okuvamile kwe-membrane kanye ne-electrolyte, kuyilapho izinzwa zamehlo ziqeda ngokuphelele lezi zinto ezisetshenziswayo, nempilo yesevisi engaphezu konyaka owodwa, zinciphisa kakhulu izindleko zokugcinwa kwansuku zonke nomthwalo womsebenzi. Umqondisi wezobuchwepheshe wesikhungo esikhulu se-aquaculture e-Shandong waphawula: “Kusukela sishintshela kuzinzwa zomoya-mpilo ezincibilikisiwe optical, izisebenzi zethu zokunakekela zonga amahora angaba ngu-20 ngenyanga ekugcinweni kwezinzwa, futhi ukuqina kwedatha kuye kwaba ngcono kakhulu.
Mayelana nomklamo wehadiwe, izinzwa zesimanje ze-oxygen ezincibilikisiwe ze-oxygen nazo zicabangela ngokugcwele izici eziyingqayizivele zezindawo ze-aquaculture. Izivalo zezinga eliphezulu (okuvame ukufika ku-IP68) zivimbela ngokuphelele ukungena kwamanzi, futhi ezansi zenziwe ngensimbi engagqwali engu-316, enikeza ukumelana kwesikhathi eside kusawoti nokugqwala kwe-alkali. Izinzwa zivame ukuhlonyiswa ngezixhumanisi ze-NPT3/4 ezinentambo ukuze zifakwe kalula futhi zilungiswe, kanye nokufakwa kwamapayipi angangeni manzi ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zokuqapha ekujuleni okuhlukahlukene. Le mininingwane yokuklama iqinisekisa ukwethembeka nokuqina kwezinzwa ezindaweni zokulima eziyinkimbinkimbi.
Ngokuphawulekayo, ukwengezwa kwemisebenzi ehlakaniphile kuye kwathuthukisa nakakhulu ukusebenza kwezinzwa ze-optical dissolved oxygen. Amamodeli amaningi amasha afaka izidlulisi zokushisa ezakhelwe ngaphakathi ezinesinxephezelo sokushisa esizenzakalelayo, esinciphisa ngempumelelo amaphutha okulinganisa abangelwa ukushintshashintsha kwezinga lokushisa kwamanzi. Eminye imikhiqizo esezingeni eliphezulu ingaphinda idlulise idatha ngesikhathi sangempela nge-Bluetooth noma i-Wi-Fi kuzinhlelo zokusebenza zeselula noma izinkundla zamafu, inike amandla ukuqapha okukude kanye nemibuzo yedatha yomlando. Uma amaleveli komoyampilo ancibilikisiwe edlula ububanzi obuphephile, isistimu ithumela ngokushesha izexwayiso ngezaziso zohlelo lweselula, imilayezo yombhalo, noma ukwaziswa kwezwi. Le nethiwekhi yokuqapha ehlakaniphile ivumela abalimi ukuthi bahlale benolwazi ngezimo zekhwalithi yamanzi futhi bathathe izinyathelo zokuphikisa ngesikhathi, ngisho nalapho bengekho endaweni.
Lezi ntuthuko ezithuthukisiwe kubuchwepheshe benzwa ye-oxygen encibilikisiwe ye-optical ayibheki nje kuphela amaphuzu ezinhlungu zezindlela zokuqapha zendabuko kodwa futhi inikeza ukusekelwa kwedatha okuthembekile ekuphathweni okucolisisiwe kwe-aquaculture, esebenza njengezinsika ezibalulekile zobuchwepheshe ekukhuthazeni intuthuko yemboni ekuhlakanipheni nasekunembeni.
Imiphumela Yohlelo Lokusebenza: Izinzwa ze-Optical zithuthukisa kanjani ukusebenza kahle kokulima
Izinzwa ze-oxygen ezincibilikisiwe ze-Optical zithole imiphumela emangalisayo ekusetshenzisweni kwe-aquaculture esebenzayo, ngenani lazo eliqinisekisiwe ezicini eziningi, kusukela ekuvimbeleni ukufa kwabantu abaningi kuya ekukhuleni kwesivuno kanye nekhwalithi. Icala elimele ikakhulukazi i-Baitan Lake Aquaculture Base esiFundazweni sase-Huangzhou, Idolobha lase-Huanggang, eSifundazweni sase-Hubei, lapho kwafakwa khona izingqapheli eziyisishiyagalombili ze-360-degree kanye nezinzwa ze-oxygen encibilikisiwe zamehlo, ezimboza amahektha angu-2,000 obuso bamanzi kuwo wonke amachibi ezinhlanzi angu-56. Uchwepheshe uCao Jian wachaza: “Ngolwazi lokuqapha ngesikhathi sangempela ezikrinini ze-elekthronikhi, singakwazi ukubona izinto ezingalungile ngokushesha. Le ndlela yokuqapha ngesikhathi sangempela isize isisekelo sigweme ngempumelelo izingozi eziningi zokushintshwa kwamachibi ezibangelwa i-hypoxia. Umdobi ongumakadebona uLiu Yuming waphawula: “Esikhathini esidlule, sasikhathazeka nge-hypoxia noma nini lapho lina futhi singalali kahle ebusuku.” Manje, ngala ‘mehlo kagesi,’ ochwepheshe basazisa nganoma yikuphi ukwaziswa okungavamile, okusivumela ukuba sithathe izinyathelo zokuphepha kusenesikhathi.
Ezimeni zokulima eziminyana kakhulu, izinzwa zomoya-mpilo ezincibilikisiwe zidlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu. Ucwaningo oluyisibonelo oluvela endaweni yokugcina izinhlanzi zedijithali "Ipulazi Lekusasa" e-Huzhou, e-Zhejiang, lubonisa ukuthi ethangini elingamamitha-skwele angu-28 eliphethe cishe ama-jin angu-3,000 e-California bass (izinhlanzi ezingaba ngu-6,000) -okulingana nokuminyana kwesitoko sehektare elilodwa emachibini endabuko—ukuphathwa kwenselelo komoyampilo encibilikisiwe. Ngokuqapha ngesikhathi sangempela ngezinzwa zamehlo kanye nezinhlelo ezihlakaniphile zokungenisa umoya, indawo yokugcina izinhlanzi iphumelele ukwehlisa izinga lokufa kwezinhlanzi kusuka ku-5% esikhathini esidlule kuya ku-0.1%, kuyilapho ithola ukukhuphuka okungu-10% -20% kwesivuno ngemumu ngayinye. Uchwepheshe wezolimo u-Chen Yunxiang uthe: “Ngaphandle kokwaziswa okunembayo komoya-mpilo oncibilikisiwe, besingeke silinge ukuzama ukuminyana kwesitoko esikhulu kangaka.”
I-Recirculating Aquaculture Systems (RAS) enye indawo ebalulekile lapho izinzwa ze-oxygen ezincibilikisiwe zikhombisa ukubaluleka kwazo. I-"Blue Seed Industry Silicon Valley" e-Laizhou Bay, e-Shandong, yakha umhlangano wokucobelelana ngolwazi we-RAS wamahektha angu-768 namathangi okulima angama-96 akhiqiza amathani angu-300 ezinhlanzi ezisezingeni eliphezulu ngonyaka, esebenzisa amanzi angaphansi ngo-95% kunezindlela zendabuko. Isikhungo sokulawula idijithali yalolu hlelo sisebenzisa izinzwa ezibonakalayo ukuze zigade i-pH, umoya-mpilo oncibilikisiwe, usawoti omningi, nezinye izinkomba ethangini ngalinye ngesikhathi sangempela, zenze kusebenze ukungena komoya ngokuzenzakalelayo lapho umoya-mpilo oncibilikisiwe wehla ngaphansi kuka-6 mg/L. Umholi walolu hlelo wachaza: “Izinhlobo ezifana ne-leopard coral grouper zizwela kakhulu ekushintsheni komoya-mpilo oncibilikile, okwenza kube nzima ngezindlela ezivamile ukuhlangabezana nezimfuneko zazo zokulima. Ngokufanayo, isizinda se-aquaculture e-Gobi Desert yase-Aksu, e-Xinjiang, siphumelele ukutshala ukudla kwasolwandle okusezingeni eliphezulu phakathi nezwe, kude nolwandle, okwenza isimangaliso "sokudla kwasolwandle kusukela ogwadule", konke ngenxa yobuchwepheshe be-optical sensor.
Ukusetshenziswa kwezinzwa ze-oxygen ezincibilikisiwe ze-optical nakho kuye kwaholela ekuthuthukisweni okuphawulekayo ekusebenzeni kahle komnotho. U-Liu Yuming, umlimi endaweni yaseBaitan Lake e-Huanggang, ubike ukuthi ngemva kokusebenzisa uhlelo lokuqapha oluhlakaniphile, amachibi akhe ezinhlanzi angamahektare angu-24,8 akhiqize ama-jin angaphezu kuka-40,000, ngaphezu kwengxenye eyodwa kwezintathu kunonyaka odlule. Ngokwezibalo zebhizinisi elikhulu lezasemanzini e-Shandong, isu elinembile lokungenisa umoya eliqondiswa izinzwa zamehlo linciphise izindleko zikagesi wokungenisa umoya cishe ngo-30% ngenkathi kuthuthukiswa amazinga okuguqulwa kokuphakelayo ngo-15%, okubangele ukwehla kwezindleko zokukhiqiza sekukonke kwama-yuan angama-800-1,000 ngethani lenhlanzi.
Futhi singahlinzeka ngezixazululo ezahlukahlukene
1. Imitha ephathwa ngesandla yekhwalithi yamanzi enepharamitha eningi
2. Isistimu ye-Buoy entantayo yekhwalithi yamanzi enepharamitha eminingi
3. Ibhulashi lokuhlanza okuzenzakalelayo lenzwa yamanzi yepharamitha eminingi
4. Isethi ephelele yamaseva nesoftware engenantambo, isekela i-RS485 GPRS /4g/WIFI/LORA/LORAWAN
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