Ekufuneni isivuno esiphezulu kanye nokusebenza kahle ezindaweni zokugcina izithombo zanamuhla, ukulawulwa kwemvelo kuye kwanda kusukela ezicini ezinkulu zokushisa komoya kanye nomswakama kuya ezindaweni ezincane kakhulu zezitshalo ngisho namaqabunga. Amaqabunga, njengezitho eziyinhloko ze-photosynthesis, ukuphefumulela kanye nokushintshana kwegesi ezitshalweni, izinga lokushisa, umswakama kanye nendawo encane ebusweni bawo kuthinta ngqo umsebenzi womzimba, isimo sokucindezeleka kanye nengozi yokuvela kwezifo. Kodwa-ke, lesi sixhumanisi esibalulekile besilokhu sifana “nebhokisi elimnyama”. Ukwethulwa kwezinzwa zokushisa kobuso bamaqabunga kanye nomswakama kuye kwandisa ngqo ukufinyelela kokuqapha ebusweni bezitshalo, kwanikeza ukuqonda okunembile okungakaze kubonwe ngaphambili kokuphathwa kwezitshalo zokugcina izithombo futhi kwaqala isigaba esisha kusukela “ekuphathweni kwemvelo” kuya “ekuphathweni kwemvelo kwezitshalo ngokwazo”.
I. Kungani Kufanele Uqaphele Isimo Sezulu Esincane “Esingaphezulu Kwamaqabunga”?
Idatha yokushisa nomswakama yomoya we-greenhouse ayikwazi ukukhombisa ngokunembile isimo sangempela sobuso beqabunga. Ngenxa yokuphefumulela, ukudluliselwa kokushisa okubangelwa imisebe kanye nomphumela wesendlalelo somngcele, kuvame ukuba nomehluko omkhulu phakathi kokushisa kobuso beqabunga kanye nokushisa komoya (okungaba ngaphansi ngo-2-8°C noma ngaphezulu), futhi ubude bokufiphaza kwamazolo noma umswakama ebusweni beqabunga kuyinto umswakama womoya ongenakukwazi ukuyimelela ngqo. Le ndawo encane ibalulekile ezinqubweni eziningi:
Indawo yokuzalela izifo: Ukuhluma kwe-spore kanye nokutheleleka kwezifo eziningi ze-fungal kanye ne-bacterial (njenge-downy mildew, i-grey mold, kanye ne-powdery mildew) kuncike kakhulu esikhathini esithile somswakama oqhubekayo ebusweni beqabunga kanye nefasitela lokushisa.
“I-valve” yokuphefumulela: Ukuvulwa nokuvalwa kwe-stomata yamaqabunga kuqhutshwa izinga lokushisa lamaqabunga kanye nomehluko wokucindezela komhwamuko wamanzi phakathi kwamaqabunga nomoya, okuthinta ngqo ukusebenza kahle kwamanzi kanye nesilinganiso se-photosynthesis.
Izinkomba zokucindezeleka ngokomzimba: Ukwanda okungavamile kokushisa kwamaqabunga kungaba uphawu lokuqala lokucindezeleka kwamanzi, izinkinga zezimpande noma ukukhanya okukhulu.
Ii. Ubuchwepheshe Bezinzwa: Ukulingisa “Isikhumba Esizwayo” Sama-Blades
Inzwa yokushisa kobuso beqabunga kanye nomswakama ayifakwanga ngqo emaqabungeni angempela, kodwa iyinto yokuzwa eklanywe ngokucophelela engalingisa izici ezivamile zokushisa kanye nomswakama zamaqabunga.
Umklamo we-Bionic: Ubuso bayo bokuzwa bulingisa ama-blade angempela ngokwezinto ezibonakalayo, umbala, ukuthambekela I-Engela kanye nomthamo wokushisa, okuqinisekisa ukuthi impendulo yayo emisebeni, ukuguquguquka kanye nokujiya kuhambisana nokuphakama kwama-blade angempela.
Ukuqapha okuhambisanayo kwamapharamitha amabili
Izinga lokushisa lobuso beqabunga: Linganisa ngokunembile izinga lokushisa lobuso beqabunga elilingisiwe ukuze ubonise isimo sebhalansi yamandla ophahla lwesitshalo.
Umswakama wobuso beqabunga/isimo somswakama: Ngokulinganisa izinguquko ekungaguquguquki kwe-dielectric noma ukumelana, nquma ngokunembile ukuthi ubuso bokuzwa bomile, bumanzi (ngamazolo noma ngemva nje kokunisela), noma bugcwele, bese ulinganisa ubude bomswakama weqabunga.
Ayibhubhisi futhi imele: Igwema umonakalo noma ukuphazamiseka okungase kubangelwe ukuthintana namaqabunga angempela futhi ingafakwa ezindaweni eziningi ukuze imele isimo sezulu esincane sezindawo ezahlukene zophahla.
Iii. Izicelo Eziguqukayo Ezindlini Zokugcina Izitshalo
"Izinga Legolide" Lokubikezela Izifo Nokulawula Okunembile
Leli yinani eliyinhloko kakhulu lenzwa yobuso beqabunga.
Umkhuba: Setha kusengaphambili amamodeli esikhathi sokushisa nomswakama ukuze kuvele izifo ezithile (njenge-late blight of tomato kanye ne-downy mildew of cucumber) ohlelweni. Inzwa iqapha njalo izimo zangempela zokushisa nomswakama ebusweni beqabunga.
Isinqumo: Lapho izimo zemvelo ziqhubeka zihlangabezana “nefasitela elibucayi” lokutheleleka kwezifo, uhlelo lukhipha ngokuzenzakalelayo isixwayiso sangaphambi kwesikhathi esiphezulu.
Inani
Finyelela ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane zokuvimbela: Lawula ngokunembile ngesikhathi esiphumelela kakhulu ngaphambi kokuba amagciwane abangela izifo angene noma esigabeni sokuqala sokutheleleka, uvimbele lesi sifo ehlumela.
Nciphisa kakhulu ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane: Shintsha imodeli ejwayelekile yokufaka izibulala-zinambuzane ukuze kufezwe ukusetshenziswa lapho kudingeka. Okuhlangenwe nakho okusebenzayo kubonisa ukuthi kunganciphisa imvamisa yokufafaza okungadingekile ngo-30% kuya ku-50%, kwehlise izindleko kanye nengozi yezinsalela zezibulala-zinambuzane.
Ukusekela ukukhiqizwa okuluhlaza: Kuyithuluzi lobuchwepheshe elibalulekile lokufeza ukuphathwa kwezinambuzane nezifo okungokwemvelo noma okuhlanganisiwe.
2. Lungiselela amasu okulawula imvelo ukuze ugweme ukucindezeleka ngokomzimba
Ukuzijwayeza: Ukuqapha ngesikhathi sangempela umehluko phakathi kokushisa kwamaqabunga kanye nokushisa komoya.
Isinqumo
Uma izinga lokushisa leqabunga liphakeme kakhulu kunezinga lokushisa lomoya futhi liqhubeka likhuphuka, kungase kubonise ukugeleza okwanele (ukumuncwa kwamanzi okuvinjelwe uhlelo lwezimpande noma umswakama ophezulu obangela ukuba i-stomata ivaleke), futhi kuyadingeka ukuhlola ukuchelela noma ukwandisa umoya.
Ebusuku basebusika, ngokuqapha ingozi yokuminyana ebusweni beqabunga, ukushisa kungalawulwa ngokunembile noma ifeni yokujikeleza kwegazi yangaphakathi ingavulwa ukuvimbela indawo yeqabunga ukuthi ingadalulwa, ngaleyo ndlela kuncishiswe ingozi yezifo.
Inani: Kulawula ngokuqondile indawo yokugcina izitshalo ngokusekelwe ezimpendulweni zomzimba zezitshalo, kuthuthukisa impilo yezitshalo kanye nokusebenza kahle kokusetshenziswa kwezinsiza.
3. Qondisa ukuchelela okunembile kanye nokuphathwa kwamanzi kanye nomanyolo
Umkhuba: Uma kuhlanganiswa nedatha yomswakama wenhlabathi, izinga lokushisa lobuso bamaqabunga liyisibonakaliso esibucayi sokwahlulela ukucindezeleka kwamanzi ezitshalweni.
Isinqumo: Ntambama lapho ukukhanya kwelanga kunamandla kakhulu, uma izinga lokushisa lamaqabunga likhuphuka ngendlela engavamile, kungase kubonise ukuthi yize umswakama wenhlabathi usamukeleka, isidingo sokuphefumula sidlule umthamo wamanzi ohlelweni lwezimpande. Kuyadingeka ukucabangela ukuchelela okwengeziwe noma ukufafaza ukuze kuphole.
Inani: Finyelela ukuphathwa kwamanzi okucwengekile kakhudlwana futhi uvimbele ukulahlekelwa kwesivuno kanye nekhwalithi okubangelwa ukucindezeleka okufihliwe.
4. Hlola ukusebenza kahle kwezinyathelo zezolimo
Ukuzijwayeza: Qhathanisa izinguquko esimweni sezulu esincane sobuso beqabunga ngaphakathi kwekhanophi ngaphambi nangemva kokusebenzisa imisebenzi ehlukene yezolimo (njengokulungisa izikhala zemigqa, ukusebenzisa izembozo ezahlukene, kanye nokushintsha amasu okungenisa umoya).
Inani: Hlola ngokwezibalo imiphumela yangempela yalezi zinyathelo ekuthuthukiseni umoya womoya wama-canopies ezitshalo, ukunciphisa umswakama, kanye nokulinganisela izinga lokushisa, unikeze ukwesekwa kwedatha yokuthuthukisa izinhlelo zokulima.
Amaphuzu Okusetshenziswa: Thatha isignali yangempela ye-canopy
Ukumelela indawo: Kufanele ibekwe endaweni emele ngaphakathi kwekhanophi yezitshalo, ngokuvamile ekuphakameni kwamaqabunga asebenzayo ayinhloko phakathi kwesitshalo, futhi igweme umugqa wamanzi wokunisela okuqondile kwe-sprinkler.
Ukuqapha izindawo eziningi: Ezindlini zokugcina izithombo ezinkulu noma eziningi, izindawo eziningi kufanele zibekwe ezindaweni ezahlukene (eduze kwezindawo zokungenisa umoya, maphakathi, kanye nasekupheleni) ukuze kuqondwe ukushintshashintsha kwendawo kwesimo sezulu esincane.
Ukulinganiswa nokugcinwa njalo: Qinisekisa ukuthi indawo yokuzwa ihlanzekile nokuthi izici ze-blade elingisiwe azishintshanga ukuqinisekisa ukuthembeka kwedatha isikhathi eside.
V. Icala Eliyimbangela: Ukuphathwa Kwesifo Esithathelwanayo Esibangelwa Yidatha “Sokwenzeka Okungaphelele” Kumatamatisi
Indlu yokukhulisa utamatisi enobuchwepheshe obuphezulu eNetherlands iqalise ngokuphelele inethiwekhi yokuqapha izinga lokushisa kanye nomswakama wamaqabunga. Uhlelo luhlanganisa imodeli yokutheleleka kwe-late blight kutamatisi. Emjikelezweni wokukhiqiza wentwasahlobo ojwayelekile:
Inzwa ithole ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuthi ubude bomswakama wobuso bamaqabunga ebusuku bufinyelele umkhawulo wengozi yesifo, kodwa izimo zokushisa azikahlangatshezwa ngokugcwele.
2. Kuphela ngesikhathi "sesikhathi sefasitela esinobungozi obukhulu" lapho izimo zokushisa nomswakama zihlangatshezwa khona kathathu ngesikhathi esisodwa lapho uhlelo lukhiphe khona isixwayiso sokusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane ezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu.
3. Abalimi benze izinyathelo zokulawula eziqondile kuphela ngemva kwezixwayiso ezintathu ezingenhla.
Kuyo yonke inkathi yokukhula, i-greenhouse iphumelele "ukuthola ukungabikho" kwe-blight yamuva kutamatisi ngokunciphisa imvamisa yokusetshenziswa njalo kwezibulala-zinambuzane zokuvimbela kusuka ezikhathini eziyi-12 kuya kwezi-3. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngenxa yokunciphisa ukuphazamiseka kwesandla kanye nokwemishini ekusetshenzisweni kwezibulala-zinambuzane, ukukhula kwezitshalo kwaba nokuzinza okukhulu, futhi isivuno sokugcina sanda cishe ngo-5%. Umphathi we-greenhouse uphawule wathi: “Ngaphambilini, besifutha izibulala-zinambuzane njalo ngeviki ngenxa yezingozi ‘ezingenzeka’.” Manje, inzwa yobuso beqabunga isitshela ukuthi ingozi ikhona nini ngempela. Lokhu akukhona nje ngokonga izindleko; futhi kuyinhlonipho enkulu kakhulu ngezitshalo kanye nemvelo.
Isiphetho
Enkambisweni yokukhiqizwa kwezitshalo ezigcina ukushisa okuya ekuqondeni okunembile kakhulu, ukuqonda okuqondile kwesimo somzimba sezitshalo ngokwazo kuba ukuncintisana okuphezulu okudlula ukulawulwa kwemvelo. Inzwa yokushisa kobuso bamaqabunga kanye nomswakama ifana nokufaka amehlo amabili okuqonda abalimi abangabona "ukuphefumula kwamaqabunga" futhi "baqonde" izifo ezifihliwe. Iguqula izitshalo kusukela "ezintweni" eziphethwe zibe yizinto ezihlakaniphile "eziveza" izidingo zazo ngenkuthalo. Ngokuchaza ikhodi ye-microclimate yamaqabunga, ukuphathwa kwezitshalo ezigcina ukushisa kuphakanyiswe kusuka ekulawulweni okubanzi kwemingcele yemvelo kuya ekuphathweni okusebenzayo nokubikezela okugxile empilweni yezitshalo nezidingo zomzimba. Lokhu akuyona nje intuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza, kodwa futhi kuyindlela ecacile yomqondo wezolimo ezisimeme - ukufeza izinzuzo ezinkulu zokukhiqiza kanye nokuvumelana kwemvelo ngokungenelela okuncane kwangaphandle. Ngokuthuthuka kwama-algorithms, le datha izohlanganiswa ngokwengeziwe ebuchosheni bobuhlakani bokwenziwa bezindawo zokugcina ukushisa, iqhubekisele ezolimo endaweni entsha ehlakaniphile ngempela "yokwazi izinga lokushisa lezitshalo nokuqonda izidingo zezitshalo".
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