Isiteshi sezulu esifakwe ezinsikeni siyisikhungo sokuqapha isimo sezulu esijwayelekile nesijwayelekile, esaziwa nangokuthi isiteshi sezulu esihlukile noma isiteshi sezulu esijwayelekile. Isici saso esiyinhloko ukuthi izinzwa ezinemisebenzi ehlukene zifakwa ngokulandelana ezindaweni eziphakeme ezihlukene ezinsikeni eziqondile ezilodwa noma ngaphezulu ngokuhambisana nemininingwane yokubuka.
Lokhu okulandelayo yizici eziyinhloko zesiteshi sezulu esifakwe ezinsikeni, ezibuye zakhiwe ngezindlela eziningi:
I. Isakhiwo Esiyinhloko kanye nezici Zokuklama
1. Inzwa ihlelwe ngendlela ehlukile
Lona umehluko oyisisekelo kakhulu eziteshini zesimo sezulu ezihlanganisiwe. Inzwa ngayinye (i-anemometer, i-wind vane, inzwa yokushisa nomswakama, i-rain gauge, i-pressure sensor, njll.) iyiyunithi ezimele futhi ixhunywe kumqoqi wedatha oyinhloko ngezintambo.
Inzwa ifakwe endaweni ethile ephakeme esigxotsheni ngokuhambisana nesimiso sayo sokulinganisa kanye nezincomo zezikhungo ezifana ne-World Meteorological Organisation (WMO). Isibonelo:
Inzwa yesivinini somoya kanye nesiqondiso: Ngokuvamile ifakwa endaweni ephakeme kakhulu (njengamamitha ayi-10 ukuphakama) ukuze kugwenywe ukuphazamiseka okuvela ezithiyweni zomhlabathi.
Inzwa yokushisa nomswakama: Ifakwe ebhokisini elinomoya opholile elingamamitha angu-1.5 noma amamitha amabili ngaphezu komhlabathi ukuze kugwenywe ithonya lemisebe yelanga eqondile kanye nokukhanya komhlabathi.
Igeyiji yemvula: Faka kumamitha angu-0.7 noma ukuphakama okuthile, uqinisekise ukuthi imbobo iqondile futhi indawo ezungezile ivulekile.
Izinzwa zokushisa kwenhlabathi kanye nomswakama: Zingcwatshwa enhlabathini ngokujulile okuhlukene.
2. Isakhiwo sizinzile futhi izinga lobuchwepheshe liphezulu
Izinsika zivame ukwenziwa ngezinsimbi ezinamandla njengensimbi engagqwali kanye nensimbi eqinisiwe, futhi zifakwe isisekelo esiqinile (njengesisekelo sekhonkrithi), esingamelana nezimo zezulu ezinzima njengeziphepho kanye neqhwa elinzima, okuqinisekisa ukusebenza okuzinzile isikhathi eside.
Umklamo we-bracket ungokwesayensi, unciphisa ukuphazamiseka kokulinganiswa kwezinzwa ngangokunokwenzeka.
3. Umklamo we-Modular
Inzwa ngayinye iyimojula ezimele engalinganiswa, igcinwe noma ishintshwe ngokuzimela ngaphandle kokuthinta ukusebenza kwezinye izinzwa. Lo mklamo ulungele kakhulu ukulungiswa nokuthuthukiswa kamuva.
Ii. Imisebenzi kanye Nezimpawu Zokusebenza
1. Ihambisana nemigomo yokubuka yamazwe ngamazwe futhi inegunya eliqinile ledatha
Ukuhlelwa nokuphakama kokufakwa kwezinzwa zayo kulandela ngokuqinile amazinga ezikhungo ezigunyaziwe njenge-WMO. Ngakho-ke, idatha etholakele inokuqhathaniswa okuphezulu negunya, okwenza kube ukukhetha kokuqala kwemisebenzi yesimo sezulu ezingeni likazwelonke, ucwaningo lwesayensi, kanye nezicelo zezimboni ezinembe kakhulu.
2. Ukunemba okuphezulu kokulinganisa
Ngenxa yokuthi izinzwa zihlukile, ukuphazamiseka phakathi kwazo kungancishiswa kakhulu (isibonelo, ukuphazamiseka kokugeleza komoya yi-fuselage kanye nomthelela wokushisa okukhiqizwa yizingxenye ze-elekthronikhi ekulinganisweni kwezinga lokushisa).
Ukunemba okuphezulu kokulinganisa kungatholakala ngokusebenzisa inzwa eyodwa esebenza kahle kakhulu kanye nobungcweti obukhulu.
3. Ukucushwa okuguquguqukayo kanye nokukhula okuqinile
Abasebenzisi bangakhetha kalula uhlobo kanye nobuningi bezinzwa ngokwezidingo zabo ezithile. Isibonelo, kulula ukwengeza izinzwa zemisebe, izitsha ezihwamukayo, izinzwa ze-ultraviolet, njll.
Uma kudingeka izinto ezintsha zokubuka esikhathini esizayo, kuyadingeka kuphela ukwengeza izinzwa kanye nezixhumi ezihambisanayo esigxotsheni, ezinokukhula okuhle kakhulu.
4. Ukutholwa kwedatha yobungcweti kanye nohlelo lokuphakelwa kwamandla
Ngokuvamile ifakwe ibhokisi lobuchwepheshe lokuthola idatha, elifakwe esigxotsheni noma eduze kwaso, elinomthwalo wokunika amandla zonke izinzwa, ukuqoqwa kwedatha, ukugcinwa kwayo kanye nokudluliselwa kwayo.
Uhlelo lokuphakelwa kwamandla lunamandla kakhulu futhi luthembekile, ngokuvamile lusebenzisa indlela ehlanganisiwe kagesi omkhulu, amandla elanga kanye nebhethri, okuqinisekisa ukusebenza okuqhubekayo isikhathi eside ngisho nangezinsuku zemvula.
Iii. Izicelo kanye Nezinzuzo kanye Nezimpawu
Isetshenziswa ezimweni ezisezingeni eliphezulu nezihlala isikhathi eside ezihleliwe
Iziteshi zezulu eziyisisekelo/iziteshi zokubhekisela kuzwelonke: Amandla ayinhloko okusebenza.
Ucwaningo lwensimu yobungcweti: njengocwaningo lwezemvelo, ukuqapha ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu, ukuqapha amanzi, i-meteorology yezolimo enembile kakhulu, njll.
Ukusekelwa kwesimo sezulu kwamaphrojekthi amakhulu obunjiniyela: njengezikhumulo zezindiza, amachweba, iziteshi zamandla enuzi, kanye nezindawo ezinkulu zokulondoloza amanzi.
Izimboni ezidinga idatha eqinisekisiwe, njengokubikezela amandla epulazi lomoya kanye nokuhlolwa kwemvelo, zingasebenzisa idatha ukuze ziqinisekiswe futhi zihlolwe yizinkampani zangaphandle.
2. Idatha ihlala isikhathi eside futhi ithembekile kakhulu
Isakhiwo esiqinile kanye nokuvikelwa kombani okuchwepheshile kanye nomklamo wokulwa nokugqwala kuqinisekisa ukuthi ukulandelana kokubuka kwesikhathi eside okuqhubekayo nokuthembekile kunganikezwa ngisho nasezindaweni ezinzima ezinganakwa.
Iv. Imikhawulo Engaba Khona
1. Ukufakwa kuyinkimbinkimbi, kudla isikhathi futhi kuyabiza
Kudingeka uchungechunge lwezinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi ezifana nokuphenya indawo, ukwakhiwa kwesisekelo, ukumiswa kwezigxobo, ukulinganiswa kwenzwa okunembile, kanye nokufakwa kwekhebula. Isikhathi sokufakwa sivame ukuthatha izinsuku eziningana noma ngaphezulu.
Izindleko zokutshalwa kwezimali zokuqala (kufaka phakathi imishini, ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo kanye nokufakwa) ziphakeme kakhulu kunezesiteshi sezulu esihlanganisiwe.
2. Ukuphatheka kabi
Uma isifakiwe, ngokuyisisekelo iwukubuka okuhleliwe futhi kunzima ukuyihambisa. Ayifaneleki ukuqapha okuphuthumayo noma imisebenzi yokubuka yesikhashana edinga ukushintsha indawo njalo.
3. Ukulungisa kuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu
Nakuba umklamo we-modular ulungele ukushintshwa, abasebenzi bokulungisa kudingeka bakhuphuke izigxobo noma basebenzise imishini yokuphakamisa ukuze bagcine izinzwa zisezindaweni eziphakeme, okudala izingozi ezithile zokuphepha kanye nobunzima bokusebenza.
4. Inezidingo eziphezulu zesayithi lokufaka
Kudinga indawo enkulu evulekile ehlangabezana nezidingo zemigomo yokubuka futhi kunzima ukuyibeka emadolobheni noma ezindaweni ezinesikhala esincane.
Isifinyezo Nokuqhathanisa
Ukuze sikuqonde kahle, singenza ukuqhathanisa okuyinhloko phakathi kwesiteshi sezulu esifakwe ezinsikeni kanye nesiteshi sezulu esihlanganisiwe:
| Izici | Isiteshi sezulu se-pole esiqondile (uhlobo oluhlukanisiwe)
| Isiteshi sezulu esihlanganisiwe |
| Isakhiwo esiyinhloko | Izinzwa zihlukile futhi zifakwe ungqimba ngengqimba ngokuhambisana nezincazelo | Izinzwa zihlanganiswe kakhulu zibe yinye |
| Ukunemba kanye nokucaciswa | Kuphezulu, kuhambisana nezindinganiso zomhlaba wonke njenge-WMO | Okuphakathi nendawo, okufanele ukusetshenziswa kwezentengiselwano nezimboni |
| Ukufakwa nokufakwa | Kuyinkimbinkimbi, kuthatha isikhathi, kuyabiza futhi kudinga ukwakhiwa kobungcweti | Kulula, kuyashesha, kuxhumeka futhi kudlale, futhi kushibhile |
| Ukuphatheka kalula | Uhlobo olubi, oluzinzile | Iqinile futhi kulula ukuyihambisa |
| Ukwandiswa | Iqinile futhi ingangeza noma isuse izinzwa ngendlela eguquguqukayo | Kubuthakathaka, ngokuvamile ukucushwa okuhleliwe |
| Izindleko | Izindleko zokuqala zokutshalwa kwezimali kanye nokufakwa kwazo ziphezulu | Izindleko zokuqala zokutshalwa kwezimali kanye nokuthunyelwa kwazo ziphansi |
| Izinhlelo zokusebenza ezijwayelekile | Iziteshi zebhizinisi zikazwelonke, ucwaningo nentuthuko, amapulazi omoya | Isimo sezulu esiphuthumayo, ezolimo ezihlakaniphile, izindawo ezikhangayo, ukuthandwa kwesayensi yekhampasi |
Isiphetho
Isiteshi sesimo sezulu esifakwe ezinsikeni "singumdlali ochwepheshe" futhi "siyisisekelo esihlala njalo" emkhakheni wokuqapha isimo sezulu. Ngokunemba kwaso okuphezulu, ukuthembeka okuphezulu kanye nokuhambisana nezindinganiso zomhlaba wonke, sinikeza imisebenzi yokubuka yesikhathi eside nengaguquki enezidingo eziqinile zekhwalithi yedatha. Iziteshi zesimo sezulu ezihlanganisiwe, ngakolunye uhlangothi, zisebenza "njengamahhashi alula", ziwina ngokuguquguquka kwazo kanye nokulula, zihlangabezana nesidingo esikhulu sokuthunyelwa okusheshayo nokungabizi kakhulu enkathini ye-Intanethi Yezinto. Zombili zigxile kuzo futhi ndawonye zakha inethiwekhi yokubuka isimo sezulu yesimanje.
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Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Disemba-01-2025