Uhlelo Oluhlanganisiwe Lokuqapha Izikhukhula kanye Nesixwayiso Sasekuqaleni “eSigodini Somfula iChao Phraya,” eNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia

Isizinda Sephrojekthi

INingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, ebonakala ngesimo sezulu sayo sezimvula zasezindaweni ezishisayo, ibhekene nezinsongo ezinkulu zezikhukhula minyaka yonke ngesikhathi semvula. Sisebenzisa "iChao Phraya River Basin" ezweni elimele njengesibonelo, lesi sigodi sigeleza enhloko-dolobha enabantu abaningi kakhulu futhi ethuthukile kwezomnotho nasezindaweni ezizungezile zesizwe. Ngokomlando, ukusebenzisana kwezimvula ezinkulu ngokuzumayo, ukugeleza okusheshayo okuvela ezindaweni ezinezintaba ezingenhla, kanye nokugcwala kwamanzi emadolobheni kwenze izindlela zokuqapha amanzi zendabuko, ezenziwe ngesandla, kanye nezokuhlangenwe nakho zanganelanga, okuvame ukuholela ezixwayisweni ezingakafiki isikhathi, ekulimaleni okukhulu kwempahla, ngisho nasekulimeleni.

Ukuze kushintshe le ndlela yokusabela, umnyango kazwelonke wezinsiza zamanzi, ngokubambisana nabalingani bamazwe ngamazwe, wethule iphrojekthi ethi “Integrated Flood Monitoring and Early Warning System for the Chao Phraya River Basin”. Umgomo kwakuwukusungula uhlelo lwesimanje lokulawula izikhukhula olusebenza ngesikhathi sangempela, olunembile, nolusebenzayo olusebenzisa i-IoT, ubuchwepheshe bezinzwa, kanye nokuhlaziywa kwedatha.

Ubuchwepheshe Obuyinhloko kanye Nezicelo Zezinzwa

Uhlelo luhlanganisa izinzwa ezahlukahlukene ezithuthukisiwe, zakha “amehlo nezindlebe” zesendlalelo sokubona.

1. Isilinganiso Semvula Esithatha Ibhakede Eligobhozayo – “I-Frontline Sentinel” Yemvelaphi Yezikhukhula

• Izindawo Zokusatshalaliswa: Zisetshenziswa kabanzi ezindaweni ezinezintaba ezingenhla komfula, ezindaweni zokugcina amahlathi, ezindaweni zokugcina amanzi ezinobukhulu obuphakathi, kanye nasezindaweni ezibalulekile zokudonsa amanzi emaphethelweni amadolobha.
• Umsebenzi kanye Nendima:
  • Ukuqapha Imvula Ngesikhathi Sangempela: Kuqoqa idatha yemvula njalo ngomzuzu, ngokunemba okungu-0.1 mm. Idatha idluliselwa ngesikhathi sangempela esikhungweni sokulawula esiphakathi ngokuxhumana kwe-GPRS/4G/satellite.
  • Isexwayiso Sesiphepho: Uma igeji yemvula iqopha imvula enamandla kakhulu esikhathini esifushane (isb., ngaphezu kwama-50 mm ngehora elilodwa), uhlelo luqala ngokuzenzakalelayo isexwayiso sokuqala, okubonisa ingozi yezikhukhula noma ukugeleza kwamanzi okusheshayo kuleyo ndawo.
  • Ukuhlanganiswa Kwedatha: Idatha yemvula ingenye yemingcele ebaluleke kakhulu yokufaka yamamodeli e-hydrological, esetshenziselwa ukubikezela ivolumu yokugeleza emifuleni kanye nesikhathi sokufika kweziqongo zezikhukhula.

2. Imitha Yokugeleza Kwe-Radar – “I-Pulse Monitor” Yomfula

• Izindawo Zokuthuthwa: Kufakwe kuzo zonke iziteshi ezinkulu zomfula, ezindaweni ezihlangana khona imifula emikhulu, ezansi kwamachibi okugcina amanzi, nasemabhulohweni noma emibhoshongweni ebalulekile ekungeneni kwedolobha.
• Umsebenzi kanye Nendima:
  • Ukulinganisa Ijubane Elingathintani: Kusetshenziswa izimiso zokubonakaliswa kwamagagasi e-radar ukukala ngokunembile ijubane lamanzi angaphezulu, kungathinteki ikhwalithi yamanzi noma okuqukethwe yidaka, okudinga ukulungiswa okuphansi.
  • Ukulinganisa Izinga Lamanzi kanye Nesigaba Esiphambene: Kuhlanganiswe nezinzwa zamanzi ezicindezelwe ezakhelwe ngaphakathi noma ama-gauge wamanzi asebenzisa i-ultrasonic, ithola idatha yezinga lamanzi yesikhathi sangempela. Isebenzisa idatha ye-topography yesiteshi somfula esilayishiwe ngaphambilini, ibala izinga lokugeleza kwesikhathi sangempela (m³/s).
  • Isibonakaliso Sesexwayiso Esiyinhloko: Izinga lokugeleza liyisibonakaliso esiqondile kakhulu sokunquma ubukhulu bezikhukhula. Lapho ukugeleza okuqashwe yimitha yeradar kudlula isixwayiso esisethwe ngaphambilini noma imikhawulo yengozi, uhlelo luqala izexwayiso emazingeni ahlukene, okuthenga isikhathi esibalulekile sokuphuma phansi komfula.

3. Inzwa Yokufuduka – “Umqaphi Wokuphepha” Wengqalasizinda

• Izindawo Zokuthuthwa: Izindawo ezibucayi, amadamu ase-embankment, imithambeka, kanye nogu lomfula oluvame ukuba nezingozi ze-geotechnical.
• Umsebenzi kanye Nendima:
  • Ukuqapha Impilo Yesakhiwo: Kusebenzisa izinzwa zokufuduka ze-GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) kanye nama-inclinometer asendaweni ukuze kuqashwe njalo ukufuduka kwezinga lamamilimitha, ukuhlala, kanye nokuthambekela kwama-dikes nama-slope.
  • Isexwayiso Sokwehluleka Kwedamu/Ukuqhekeka: Ngesikhathi sezikhukhula, amazinga amanzi akhuphukayo acindezela kakhulu izakhiwo ze-hydraulic. Izinzwa zokufuduka zingabona izimpawu zakuqala nezicashile zokungazinzi kwesakhiwo. Uma izinga lokushintsha kokufuduka lishesha ngokuzumayo, uhlelo lukhipha ngokushesha isexwayiso sokuphepha kwesakhiwo, luvimbela izikhukhula ezinkulu ezibangelwa ukwehluleka kobunjiniyela.

Ukuhamba Komsebenzi Wesistimu kanye Nemiphumela Efinyelelwe

1. Ukutholwa Nokudluliswa Kwedatha: Amakhulu ama-node ezinzwa kulo lonke ibheseni aqoqa idatha njalo ngemizuzu emi-5-10 bese eyidlulisela ngamaphakethe esikhungweni sedatha yamafu ngenethiwekhi ye-IoT.
2. Ukuhlaziywa Kokuhlanganiswa Kwedatha kanye Nemodeli: Ipulatifomu ephakathi ithola futhi ihlanganise idatha yemithombo eminingi evela kuma-rain gauge, amamitha okugeleza kwe-radar, kanye nezinzwa zokufuduka. Le datha ifakwa kumodeli ye-hydro-meteorological kanye ne-hydraulic ehlanganisiwe elinganisiwe ukuze kulinganiswe futhi kubikezelwe izikhukhula ngesikhathi sangempela.
3. Isexwayiso Sasekuqaleni Esihlakaniphile Nokusekelwa Kwezinqumo:
   • Isimo 1: Izikali zemvula ezintabeni ezingenhla komfula zibona isiphepho esinamandla; imodeli ibikezela ngokushesha ukuthi isikhukhula esingaphezu kwezinga lesixwayiso sizofika eDolobheni A emahoreni ama-3. Uhlelo luthumela ngokuzenzakalelayo isixwayiso emnyangweni wokuvimbela izinhlekelele weDolobha A.
   • Isimo 2: Imitha yokugeleza yerada emfuleni odlula eDolobheni B ikhombisa ukwanda okusheshayo kwesilinganiso sokugeleza kungakapheli ihora, amazinga amanzi esezodlula phezu kwe-levee. Uhlelo luqala isexwayiso esibomvu futhi lukhipha imiyalo yokuphuma ngokushesha kubantu abahlala eceleni komfula ngezinhlelo zokusebenza zeselula, izinkundla zokuxhumana, kanye nokusakaza okuphuthumayo.
   • Isimo 3: Izinzwa zokufuduka engxenyeni endala ye-levee e-Point C zibona ukunyakaza okungajwayelekile, okwenza uhlelo luqaphele ingozi yokuwa. Isikhungo somyalo singathumela ngokushesha amaqembu onjiniyela ukuze aqinise futhi asuse izakhamuzi endaweni eyingozi ngaphambi kokwenza lokho.
4. Imiphumela Yokusetshenziswa:
   • Isikhathi Sokuxwayisa Esingeziwe: Uma kuqhathaniswa nezindlela zendabuko, isikhathi sokuxwayisa ngezikhukhula sithuthukile sisuka emahoreni angu-2-4 saya emahoreni angu-6-12.
   • Ukuqina Kwesayensi Kokwenza Izinqumo Okuthuthukisiwe: Amamodeli esayensi asekelwe kudatha yesikhathi sangempela athathe indawo yokwahlulela okungenangqondo okusekelwe kokuhlangenwe nakho, okwenza izinqumo ezifana nokusebenza kwedamu kanye nokusebenza kwendawo yokuphambukisa izikhukhula kube ngokunembe kakhudlwana.
   • Ukulahlekelwa Okuncishisiwe: Esikhathini sokuqala sezikhukhula ngemva kokufakwa kohlelo, luphathe ngempumelelo izehlakalo ezimbili ezinkulu zezikhukhula, okulinganiselwa ukuthi zinciphise ukulahlekelwa okuqondile kwezomnotho cishe ngo-30% futhi zathola ukuthi azikho izingozi.
   • Ukuzibandakanya Komphakathi Okuthuthukisiwe: Ngohlelo lokusebenza lweselula lomphakathi, izakhamuzi zingahlola ulwazi lwemvula lwangempela kanye nezinga lamanzi endaweni yazo, okuthuthukisa ukuqwashisa umphakathi ngokuvimbela izinhlekelele.

Izinselele kanye Nombono Wesikhathi Esizayo

• Izinselele: Ukutshalwa kwezimali okukhulu kokuqala kohlelo; ukumbozwa kwenethiwekhi yokuxhumana ezindaweni ezikude kusalokhu kuyinkinga; ukuzinza kwezinzwa zesikhathi eside kanye nokumelana nokucekelwa phansi kudinga ukulungiswa okuqhubekayo.
• Umbono Wesikhathi Esizayo: Izinhlelo zifaka phakathi ukwethula ama-algorithms e-AI ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukunemba kokubikezela; ukuhlanganisa idatha yokuzwa kude kwesathelayithi ukuze kwandiswe ukumbozwa kokuqapha; kanye nokuhlola ukuxhumana okujulile nokuhlelwa kwedolobha kanye nezinhlelo zokusetshenziswa kwamanzi ezolimo ukuze kwakhiwe uhlaka lokuphatha "i-Smart River Basin" oluqinile.

Isifinyezo:
Lolu cwaningo lubonisa indlela ukusebenza ngokubambisana kwe-Tipping Bucket Rain Gauges (ukuzwa umthombo), i-Radar Flow Meters (ukuqapha inqubo), kanye ne-Displacement Sensors (ingqalasizinda evikelayo) okwakha ngayo uhlelo oluphelele, olunezinhla eziningi zokuqapha izikhukhula kanye nokuxwayisa kusenesikhathi—kusukela “esibhakabhakeni” kuya “emhlabathini,” kusukela “emthonjeni” kuya “esakhiweni.” Lokhu akumeli nje kuphela isiqondiso sesimanje sobuchwepheshe bokulawula izikhukhula eNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia kodwa futhi kunikeza ulwazi oluwusizo oluwusizo lokuphathwa kwezikhukhula emhlabeni wonke ezindaweni ezifanayo zemifula.

Isethi ephelele yamaseva kanye ne-software engenantambo module, isekela i-RS485 GPRS /4g/WIFI/LORA/LORAWAN

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