Njengezwe elibalulekile e-Asia Ephakathi, iKazakhstan inemithombo yamanzi amaningi kanye namandla amakhulu okuthuthukiswa kwezilwane zasemanzini. Ngokuthuthuka kobuchwepheshe bezolimo zasemanzini emhlabeni wonke kanye nokuguqukela ezinhlelweni ezihlakaniphile, ubuchwepheshe bokuqapha izinga lamanzi buya ngokuya busetshenziswa emkhakheni wezolimo wezilwane wezwe. Lesi sihloko sihlola ngokuhlelekile izimo zokusebenza ezithile zezinzwa ze-electrical conductivity (EC) embonini yezilwane zasemanzini yase-Kazakhstan, ihlaziya izimiso zazo zobuchwepheshe, imithelela ephathekayo, namathrendi okuthuthuka kwesikhathi esizayo. Ngokuhlola izimo ezijwayelekile ezifana nokufuywa kwama-sturgeon oLwandle lwe-Caspian, izindawo zokuchanyuselwa kwezinhlanzi eLake Balkhash, kanye nezinhlelo ezijikelezayo ze-aquaculture esifundeni sase-Almaty, leli phepha lembula ukuthi izinzwa ze-EC zisiza kanjani abalimi bendawo ukuthi babhekane nezinselele zokulawulwa kwekhwalithi yamanzi, ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokulima, nokunciphisa izingozi zemvelo. Ukwengeza, lesi sihloko sidingida izinselelo i-Kazakhstan ebhekene nazo ekuguquleni ubuhlakani bezilwane zasemanzini kanye nezixazululo ezingaba khona, ihlinzeka ngezinkomba ezibalulekile zokuthuthukiswa kwezilwane zasemanzini kwezinye izifunda ezifanayo.
Uhlolojikelele lwe-Kazakhstan's Aquaculture Industry and Water Quality Monitoring Needs
Njengezwe elikhulu kunawo wonke elivalekile emhlabeni, iKazakhstan inemithombo yamanzi anothile, okuhlanganisa nemithombo yamanzi emikhulu njengoLwandle iCaspian, iLake Balkhash, neLake Zaysan, kanye nemifula eminingi, ehlinzeka ngezimo zemvelo eziyingqayizivele zokuthuthukiswa kwezilwane zasemanzini. Imboni yezwe ye-aquaculture ibonise ukukhula okuqhubekayo eminyakeni yamuva, ngezinhlobo eziyinhloko ezifuywayo ezihlanganisa i-carp, i-sturgeon, i-rainbow trout, ne-sturgeon yaseSiberia. Ukulima kwe-sturgeon esifundeni saseCaspian, ikakhulukazi, kudonse ukunaka okuphawulekayo ngenxa yokukhiqizwa kwayo kwe-caviar enenani eliphezulu. Kodwa-ke, imboni yezasemanzini yaseKazakhstan iphinde ibhekane nezinselelo eziningi, njengokuguquguquka okukhulu kwezinga lamanzi, izindlela zokulima ezihlehla kancane, kanye nomthelela wesimo sezulu esibi kakhulu, konke okucindezela ukuqhubeka kwemboni.
Ezindaweni zasemanzini zaseKazakhstan, ukuhanjiswa kukagesi (EC), njengepharamitha yekhwalithi yamanzi ebalulekile, kubambe ukubaluleka kokuqapha okukhethekile. I-EC ikhombisa isamba sokuhlangana kwama-ion kasawoti ancibilikisiwe emanzini, okuthinta ngqo i-osmoregulation kanye nemisebenzi ye-physiological yezinto eziphila emanzini. Amanani e-EC ayahluka kakhulu ezindaweni ezihlukene zamanzi e-Kazakhstan: Ulwandle lwe-Caspian, njengechibi lamanzi anosawoti, linamanani aphezulu e-EC (cishe 13,000–15,000 μS/cm); Isifunda esisentshonalanga yeLake Balkhash, esingamanzi ahlanzekile, sinamanani aphansi e-EC (cishe ama-300–500 μS/cm), kuyilapho isifunda salo esisempumalanga, esintula indawo yokuphuma, sibonisa usawoti ophakeme (cishe u-5,000–6,000 μS/cm). Amachibi ase-Alpine afana neLake Zaysan abonisa amanani ashintshashintshayo e-EC. Lezi zimo eziyinkimbinkimbi zekhwalithi yamanzi zenza ukuqapha kwe-EC kube yisici esibalulekile sokufuywa kwezilwane zasemanzini ngempumelelo e-Kazakhstan.
Ngokwesiko, abalimi baseKazakh bathembele kokuhlangenwe nakho ukuhlola ikhwalithi yamanzi, besebenzisa izindlela ezicabangelayo ezifana nokubuka umbala wamanzi nokuziphatha kwezinhlanzi ukuze baphathwe. Le ndlela ayizange nje iswele ukuqina kwesayensi kodwa futhi yenza kwaba nzima ukubona izinkinga ezingase zibe khona zekhwalithi yamanzi ngokushesha, okuvame ukuholela ekufeni kwezinhlanzi ezinkulu kanye nokulahlekelwa kwezomnotho. Njengoba izikali zokulima zanda kanye namazinga okuqina enyuka, isidingo sokuqapha izinga lamanzi okunembayo siya ngokuya siphuthuma. Ukwethulwa kobuchwepheshe bezinzwa ze-EC kunikeze imboni yezilwane zasemanzini yase-Kazakhstan isisombululo esithembekile, sesikhathi sangempela, futhi esingabizi kakhulu sokuqapha izinga lamanzi.
Esimweni esikhethekile sezemvelo sase-Kazakhstan, ukuqapha kwe-EC kubambe iqhaza elikhulu elibalulekile. Okokuqala, amanani e-EC abonisa ngokuqondile izinguquko zosawoti emanzini, okubalulekile ekulawuleni izinhlanzi ze-euryhaline (isb., i-sturgeon) nezinhlanzi ze-stenohaline (isb, inhlanzi yothingo). Okwesibili, ukunyuka kwe-EC okungavamile kungase kubonise ukungcoliswa kwamanzi, njengokuchithwa kwamanzi angcolile ezimbonini noma ukugeleza kwezolimo okuthwala usawoti namaminerali. Ukwengeza, amanani e-EC ahlotshaniswa kabi namazinga oksijini ancibilikile—amanzi aphezulu e-EC ngokuvamile anomoya-mpilo oncibilikisiwe ophansi, obeka usongo ekusindeni kwezinhlanzi. Ngakho-ke, ukuqapha kwe-EC okuqhubekayo kusiza abalimi ukulungisa amasu okuphatha ngokushesha ukuze kuvinjelwe ukucindezeleka kwezinhlanzi nokufa.
Uhulumeni waseKazakh usanda kubona ukubaluleka kokuqapha izinga lamanzi ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukufuywa kwezilwane zasemanzini esimeme. Ezinhlelweni zakhe zikazwelonke zokuthuthukisa ezolimo, uhulumeni useqalile ukukhuthaza amabhizinisi ezolimo ukuthi asebenzise imishini yokuqapha ehlakaniphile futhi anikeze nengxenye yoxhaso. Khonamanjalo, izinhlangano zamazwe ngamazwe kanye nezinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe zithuthukisa ubuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe bokulima nemishini e-Kazakhstan, ziqhubekisela phambili ukusheshisa ukusetshenziswa kwezinzwa ze-EC nobunye ubuchwepheshe bokuqapha izinga lamanzi ezweni. Lokhu kusekelwa kwenqubomgomo kanye nesingeniso sobuchwepheshe kudale izimo ezivumayo zokwenziwa kwesimanjemanje kwemboni yezofuyo zasemanzini yaseKazakhstan.
Izimiso Zobuchwepheshe Nezingxenye Zesistimu Yezinzwa ze-EC Zekhwalithi Yamanzi
Izinzwa ze-electrical conductivity (EC) ziyizingxenye ezibalulekile zesistimu yokuqapha ikhwalithi yamanzi yesimanje, esebenza ngokusekelwe ezilinganisweni ezinembile zomthamo wokuqhuba wesixazululo. Ekusetshenzisweni kwe-aquaculture yase-Kazakhstan, izinzwa ze-EC zihlola ukuqina okuphelele okuncibilikisiwe (TDS) kanye namazinga kasawoti ngokuthola izici ezisebenzayo zama-ion emanzini, okuhlinzeka ngosekelo lwedatha olubalulekile lokuphathwa kokulima. Ngokombono wezobuchwepheshe, izinzwa ze-EC ngokuyinhloko zincike ezimisweni ze-electrochemical: lapho ama-electrode amabili ecwiliswa emanzini futhi kusetshenziswa i-voltage eshintshanayo, ama-ion ancibilikisiwe anyakaza aqonde ukuze akhe amandla kagesi, futhi inzwa ibala inani le-EC ngokulinganisa lobu bukhulu bamanje. Ukuze ugweme amaphutha okulinganisa abangelwa i-electrode polarization, izinzwa zesimanje ze-EC zivame ukusebenzisa imithombo ye-AC evusa amadlingozi namasu okulinganisa ama-high-frequency ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukunemba kwedatha nokuzinza.
Mayelana nesakhiwo sezinzwa, izinzwa ze-aquaculture EC ngokuvamile zihlanganisa isici sokuzwa kanye nemojula yokucubungula isignali. Isici sokuzwa ngokuvamile senziwe nge-titanium engagqwali noma ama-electrode eplatinamu, akwazi ukumelana namakhemikhali ahlukahlukene emanzini okulima isikhathi eside. Imojuli yokucubungula isignali ikhulisa, ihlunge, futhi iguqule amasiginali kagesi abuthaka abe yimiphumela evamile. Izinzwa ze-EC ezivame ukusetshenziswa emapulazini e-Kazakh zivame ukusebenzisa idizayini ye-electrode emine, lapho ama-electrode amabili esebenza khona imanje engaguquki kanye nezinye izilinganiso ezimbili zomehluko wamandla kagesi. Lo mklamo ukuqeda ngokuphumelelayo ukuphazamiseka okuvela ku-electrode polarization kanye namandla ahlanganayo, kuthuthukisa kakhulu ukunemba kokulinganisa, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zokulima ezinokuhlukahluka okukhulu kosawoti.
Isinxephezelo sezinga lokushisa siyisici esibalulekile sobuchwepheshe sezinzwa ze-EC, njengoba amanani e-EC ethintwa kakhulu izinga lokushisa lamanzi. Izinzwa zesimanje ze-EC ngokuvamile zifaka ama-probe okushisa akhelwe ngaphakathi anembe kakhulu anxephezela ngokuzenzakalelayo izilinganiso kumanani alinganayo ezingeni lokushisa elijwayelekile (ngokuvamile elingu-25°C) ngama-algorithms, okuqinisekisa ukuqhathaniswa kwedatha. Uma kubhekwa indawo emaphakathi nezwe yase-Kazakhstan, ukuhluka okukhulu kwezinga lokushisa lezinsuku zobusuku, kanye nokushintsha kwezinga lokushisa okudlulele kwesizini, lo msebenzi wokunxeshezelwa kwezinga lokushisa okuzenzakalelayo ubaluleke kakhulu. Ama-Industrial EC transmitters avela kubakhiqizi abafana ne-Shandong Renke futhi anikezela ngokushintsha kwesinxephezelo sokushisa okuzenzakalelayo nokuzenzakalelayo, okuvumela ukuzivumelanisa nezimo nezimo ezihlukahlukene zokulima e-Kazakhstan.
Ngokombono wokuhlanganiswa kwesistimu, izinzwa ze-EC emapulazini e-aquaculture e-Kazakh ngokuvamile zisebenza njengengxenye yohlelo lokuqapha izinga lamanzi olunamapharamitha amaningi. Ngaphandle kwe-EC, amasistimu anjalo ahlanganisa imisebenzi yokuqapha yamapharamitha ekhwalithi yamanzi ebalulekile njenge-oxygen encibilikisiwe (DO), i-pH, amandla okunciphisa i-oxidation (ORP), i-turbidity, ne-ammonia nitrogen. Idatha evela kuzinzwa ezihlukahlukene idluliselwa ngebhasi le-CAN noma ngobuchwepheshe bokuxhumana obungenantambo (isb., i-TurMass, i-GSM) iye kusilawuli esimaphakathi bese ilayishwa endaweni yamafu ukuze ihlaziywe futhi igcinwe. Izixazululo ze-IoT ezivela ezinkampanini ezifana ne-Weihai Jingxun Changtong zivumela abalimi ukuthi babuke idatha yekhwalithi yamanzi yesikhathi sangempela ngezinhlelo zokusebenza ze-smartphone futhi bathole izexwayiso zamapharamitha angavamile, okuthuthukisa kakhulu ukusebenza kahle kokuphatha.
Ithebula: Amapharamitha Obuchwepheshe Ajwayelekile Wezinzwa ze-Aquaculture EC
| Isigaba sepharamitha | Imininingwane Yezobuchwepheshe | Ukucatshangelwa kwezicelo zaseKazakhstan |
|---|---|---|
| Ibanga Lokulinganisa | 0–20,000 μS/cm | Kumele imboze amanzi ahlanzekile ezindaweni ezinamanzi anebrackish |
| Ukunemba | ±1% FS | Ihlangabezana nezidingo eziyisisekelo zokuphatha ukulima |
| Izinga Lokushisa | 0–60°C | Ivumelana nezimo zezulu zezwekazi ezidlulele |
| Isilinganiso Sokuvikela | IP68 | Ingangeni manzi futhi ingangenisi uthuli ukuze isetshenziswe ngaphandle |
| Isixhumanisi Esibonakalayo | RS485/4-20mA/wireless | Isiza ukuhlanganiswa kwesistimu nokudluliswa kwedatha |
| I-Electrode Material | Titanium/platinum | Imelana nokugqwala isikhathi eside sokuphila |
Kuzinhlelo zokusebenza ezingokoqobo zaseKazakhstan, izindlela zokufaka izinzwa ze-EC nazo zihlukile. Emapulazini amakhulu angaphandle, izinzwa zivame ukufakwa kusetshenziswa izindlela ezisekelwe ku-buoy noma ezigxiliwe ukuze kuqinisekiswe izindawo zokulinganisa ezimele. Ezinhlelweni zefekthri ezijikeleza i-aquaculture (RAS), ukufakwa kwamapayipi kuvamile, kuqapha ngokuqondile izinguquko zekhwalithi yamanzi ngaphambi nangemuva kokwelashwa. Abaqaphi be-EC yezimboni eziku-inthanethi abavela ku-Gandon Technology baphinde banikeze ngezinketho zokufaka ukugeleza, ezifanele izimo zokulima ezixinene kakhulu ezidinga ukugadwa kwamanzi okuqhubekayo. Uma kubhekwa amakhaza ashubisa umnkantsha ebusika kwezinye izifunda zase-Kazakh, izinzwa ze-EC ezisezingeni eliphezulu zifakwe imiklamo evimbela ukubanda ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza okuthembekile emazingeni okushisa aphansi.
Ukugcinwa kwezinzwa kuyisihluthulelo sokuqinisekisa ukwethembeka kokuqapha kwesikhathi eside. Inselele evamile amapulazi aseKazakh abhekana nayo i-biofouling—ukukhula kolwelwe, amagciwane, nezinye izilokazane ezisezinzwa, okuthinta ukunemba kokulinganisa. Ukuze kubhekwane nalokhu, izinzwa zesimanje ze-EC zisebenzisa imiklamo emisha ehlukahlukene, njengezinhlelo zokuzihlanza zika-Shandong Renke kanye nobuchwepheshe bokulinganisa obusekelwe ku-fluorescence, okwehlisa kakhulu imvamisa yokulungisa. Ezinzwa ezingenamsebenzi wokuzihlanza, "izikhwebu zokuzihlanza" ezikhethekile ezifakwe amabhulashi asebenza ngomshini noma ukuhlanza nge-ultrasonic zingahlanza ngezikhathi ezithile izindawo zama-electrode. Lokhu kuthuthuka kwezobuchwepheshe kwenza izinzwa ze-EC zisebenze ngokuzinzile ngisho nasezindaweni ezikude zase-Kazakhstan, kuncishiswe ukungenelela okwenziwa ngesandla.
Ngokuthuthuka kubuchwepheshe be-IoT kanye ne-AI, izinzwa ze-EC ziyavela zisuka kumadivayisi okulinganisa ziye ezindaweni zokwenza izinqumo ezihlakaniphile. Isibonelo esiphawulekayo i-eKoral, isistimu eyakhiwe i-Haobo International, engaqapheli kuphela imingcele yekhwalithi yamanzi kodwa futhi isebenzisa ama-algorithms okufunda ngomshini ukuze ibikezele amathrendi futhi ilungise ngokuzenzakalelayo okokusebenza ukuze kugcinwe izimo ezikahle zokulima. Lolu shintsho oluhlakaniphile lubambe ukubaluleka okubalulekile ekuthuthukisweni okusimeme kwemboni yezilwane zasemanzini yase-Kazakhstan, ukusiza abalimi bendawo banqobe izikhala zesipiliyoni sobuchwepheshe futhi bathuthukise ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza kanye nekhwalithi yomkhiqizo.
I-EC Monitoring Application Case epulazini le-Caspian Sea Sturgeon
Isifunda saseCaspian Sea, esinye sezisekelo ezibaluleke kakhulu zokufuywa kwezilwane zasemanzini eKazakhstan, saziwa ngokulima kwekhwalithi ephezulu kwama-sturgeon kanye nokukhiqizwa kwe-caviar. Nokho, eminyakeni yamuva nje, ukuguquguquka okwandayo kukasawoti oLwandle LwaseCaspian, okuhambisana nokungcoliswa kwezimboni, kuye kwaba nezinselele ezinkulu ekulimeni kwama-sturgeon. Ipulazi elikhulu lama-sturgeon eduze kwase-Aktau lisungule ukwethulwa kwesistimu yezinzwa ze-EC, libhekana ngempumelelo nalezi zinguquko zemvelo ngokuqapha kwesikhathi sangempela nokulungiswa okunembile, libe imodeli yesimanjemanje ye-aquaculture e-Kazakhstan.
Ipulazi lihlanganisa cishe amahektha angama-50, lisebenzisa uhlelo lokulima oluvalwe kancane ikakhulukazi ezinhlotsheni zenani eliphezulu njenge-Russian sturgeon kanye ne-stellate sturgeon. Ngaphambi kokwamukela ukuqapha kwe-EC, ipulazi lalithembele ngokuphelele ekuthathweni kwesampula ngesandla kanye nokuhlaziywa kwelebhu, okuholela ekubambezelekeni okukhulu kwedatha kanye nokungakwazi ukuphendula ngokushesha ezinguqukweni zekhwalithi yamanzi. Ngo-2019, ipulazi labambisana ne-Haobo International ukuze kusetshenziswe uhlelo lokuqapha ikhwalithi yamanzi olusekelwe ku-IoT, olunezinzwa ze-EC njengezingxenye ezibalulekile ezibekwe endaweni ekahle njengezindawo zokungena amanzi, amachibi okulima, nezindawo zokudonsa amanzi. Uhlelo lusebenzisa ukudluliswa okungenantambo kwe-TurMass ukuthumela idatha yesikhathi sangempela kugumbi lokulawula elimaphakathi nezinhlelo zokusebenza zeselula zabalimi, okuvumela ukuqapha okungaphazamiseki okungu-24/7.
Njengenhlanzi ye-euryhaline, i-Caspian sturgeon ingakwazi ukuzivumelanisa nohlu lokuhlukahluka kosawoti, kodwa indawo yayo yokukhula efanele idinga amanani e-EC phakathi kuka-12,000–14,000 μS/cm. Ukuchezuka kulobu bubanzi kubangela ukucindezeleka ngokomzimba, okuthinta amazinga okukhula kanye nekhwalithi ye-caviar. Ngokuqapha okuqhubekayo kwe-EC, ochwepheshe basemapulazini bathola ukushintshashintsha okuphawulekayo kwesizini kusawoti wamanzi we-inlet: ngesikhathi sokuncibilika kweqhwa entwasahlobo, ukukhuphuka kwamanzi ahlanzekile asuka eMfuleni iVolga nakweminye imifula yehlisa amanani e-EC ogwini ukuze ibe ngaphansi kuka-10,000 μS/cm, kuyilapho ukuhwamuka okukhulu ehlobo kungakhuphula amanani e-EC ngaphezu kuka-16,000 μS/cm. Lokhu kuguquguquka bekuvame ukunganakwa esikhathini esidlule, okuholela ekukhuleni kwe-sturgeon okungalingani.
Ithebula: Ukuqhathaniswa kwe-EC Monitoring Application Effects e-Caspian Sturgeon Farm
| Imethrikhi | Izinzwa ze-Pre-EC (2018) | Izinzwa ze-Post-EC (2022) | Ukuthuthukiswa |
|---|---|---|---|
| Isilinganiso Sokukhula Kwe-Sturgeon (g/usuku) | 3.2 | 4.1 | +28% |
| I-Premium-Grade Caviar Yield | 65% | 82% | +17 amaphesenti amaphuzu |
| Ukushona Kwamanzi Ngenxa Yezinkinga Zekhwalithi Yamanzi | 12% | 4% | -8 amaphesenti amaphuzu |
| Isilinganiso Sokuguqulwa Kwesiphakeli | 1.8:1 | 1.5:1 | 17% inzuzo yokusebenza kahle |
| Ukuhlola Amanzi Manuwali Inyanga ngayinye | 60 | 15 | -75% |
Ngokusekelwe kudatha yesikhathi sangempela ye-EC, ipulazi lenze izinyathelo ezimbalwa zokulungisa ukunemba. Lapho amanani e-EC ehla ngaphansi kwebanga elifanele, isistimu inciphisa ngokuzenzakalelayo ukungena kwamanzi ahlanzekile futhi yasebenza ukujikeleza kabusha ukuze kwandiswe isikhathi sokugcina amanzi. Lapho amanani e-EC ayephezulu kakhulu, akhuphula ukufakwa kwamanzi ahlanzekile kanye nokufaka umoya okuthuthukisiwe. Lokhu kulungiswa, ngaphambilini okusekelwe ekwahluleleni okunamandla, manje kwase kunokusekelwa kwedatha yesayensi, ukuthuthukisa isikhathi nobukhulu bokulungiswa. Ngokwemibiko yasemapulazini, ngemva kokwamukela ukuqapha kwe-EC, izinga lokukhula kwe-sturgeon likhuphuke ngo-28%, isivuno se-premium caviar sikhuphuke sisuka ku-65% saya ku-82%, kanti ukufa ngenxa yezinkinga zekhwalithi yamanzi kwehla kusuka ku-12% kuya ku-4%.
Ukuqapha kwe-EC nakho kwadlala indima ebalulekile ekusexwayiseni ukungcoliswa komhlaba kusenesikhathi. Ehlobo lika-2021, izinzwa ze-EC zithole ama-spikes angavamile kumanani e-EC echibini ngaphezu kokuguquguquka okuvamile. Ngokushesha lolu hlelo lwakhipha isexwayiso, futhi ochwepheshe basheshe babona ukuvuza kwamanzi angcolile embonini eseduze. Ngenxa yokutholwa ngesikhathi, ipulazi lahlukanisa ichibi elithintekile futhi lavula nezinhlelo zokuhlanza izimo eziphuthumayo, lagwema ukulahlekelwa okukhulu. Ngemva kwalesi sigameko, izikhungo zendawo zemvelo zasebenzisana nepulazi ukusungula inethiwekhi yesixwayiso ngekhwalithi yamanzi esekelwe ekuqaphelweni kwe-EC, okubandakanya izindawo ezisogwini ezibanzi.
Mayelana nokusebenza kahle kwamandla, isistimu yokuqapha ye-EC ilethe izinzuzo ezibalulekile. Ngokwesiko, ipulazi lalishintshana kakhulu ngamanzi njengesinyathelo sokuzivikela, limosha amandla amakhulu. Ngokuqapha okunembayo kwe-EC, ochwepheshe bathuthukise amasu okushintshanisa amanzi, benza izinguquko kuphela lapho kudingekile. Idatha ibonise ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kwephampu kwepulazi kwehle ngo-35%, konga cishe u-$25,000 ngonyaka ezindlekweni zikagesi. Ukwengeza, ngenxa yezimo zamanzi ezizinzile, ukusetshenziswa kwe-sturgeon feed kwaba ngcono, kunciphisa izindleko zokudla cishe ngo-15%.
Lolu cwaningo lwecala luphinde lwabhekana nezinselelo zobuchwepheshe. Indawo yoLwandle lweCaspian enosawoti omningi idinga ukuqina kwenzwa okwedlulele, nama-electrode enzwa aqala ukugqwala phakathi nezinyanga. Ngemva kokuthuthukiswa kusetshenziswa ama-electrode akhethekile e-titanium alloy kanye nezindlu zokuvikela ezithuthukisiwe, ubude bempilo bunwetshwa ngaphezu kweminyaka emithathu. Enye inselelo kube yiqhwa ebusika, elithinte ukusebenza kwezinzwa. Isixazululo sasihilela ukufaka ama-heaters amancane nama-anti-ice buoy ezindaweni ezibalulekile zokuqapha ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza konyaka wonke.
Lolu hlelo lokusebenza lokuqapha lwe-EC lubonisa ukuthi ukuqanjwa kabusha kwezobuchwepheshe kungaguqula kanjani imikhuba yokulima evamile. Umphathi wepulazi waphawula, “Sasisebenza ebumnyameni, kodwa ngedatha yesikhathi sangempela se-EC, kufana nokuba ‘namehlo angaphansi kwamanzi’—singayiqonda ngempela futhi siyilawule indawo ezungezile ye-sturgeon.” Ukuphumelela kwaleli cala kudonse ukunaka kwamanye amabhizinisi okulima e-Kazakh, ekhuthaza ukutholwa kwezinzwa ze-EC ezweni lonke. Ngo-2023, uMnyango Wezolimo wase-Kazakhstan waze wathuthukisa amazinga emboni yokuqapha izinga lamanzi e-aquaculture ngokusekelwe kulolu daba, okudinga ukuthi amapulazi aphakathi nendawo namakhulu afake imishini yokuqapha ye-EC eyisisekelo.
Izinqubo Zokulawulwa Kosawoti Esigodini Sokuqashisa Izinhlanzi eLake Balkhash
IChibi i-Balkhash, indawo enamanzi abalulekile eningizimu-mpumalanga ye-Kazakhstan, ihlinzeka ngendawo ekahle yokuzalanisa izinhlobo zezinhlanzi ezithengiswayo ngenxa yesimiso salo se-brackish esiyingqayizivele. Nokho, isici esihlukile saleli chibi umehluko omkhulu kasawoti phakathi kwempumalanga nentshonalanga—isifunda esisentshonalanga, esiphakelwa uMfula Ili neminye imithombo yamanzi ahlanzekile, sinosawoti omncane (EC ≈ 300–500 μS/cm), kuyilapho isifunda esisempumalanga, esintula indawo yokuphuma, siqongelela usawoti (EC ≈ 0μ0 5,0,0) . Le gradient yosawoti idala izinselelo ezikhethekile ezindaweni ezichanyuselwa izinhlanzi, okwenza amabhizinisi endawo ahlole izindlela ezintsha zokwenza ubuchwepheshe bezinzwa ze-EC.
Indawo yokuchanyuselwa izinhlanzi “i-Aksu”, etholakala ogwini olusentshonalanga yeLake Balkhash, iyisisekelo sokukhiqiza okuthosiwe esikhulu kunazo zonke esifundeni, izalanisa kakhulu izinhlobo zamanzi ahlanzekile njenge-carp, i-silver carp, ne-bighead carp, kuyilapho ihlola izinhlanzi ezikhethekile eziguqulelwe i-brackish. Izindlela zokuchanyuselwa ezivamile zibhekane namazinga okuchanyuselwa angazinzile, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokuncibilika kweqhwa entwasahlobo lapho ukugeleza kwe-Ili River okukhuphukayo kubangele ukushintshashintsha kwe-EC (200–800 μS/cm), okube nomthelela omkhulu ekukhuleni kweqanda nempilo yokuthosa. Ngo-2022, i-hatchery yethula uhlelo oluzenzakalelayo lokulawula usawoti osuselwa kuzinzwa ze-EC, ukuguqula lesi simo ngokuyisisekelo.
Umnyombo walolu hlelo usebenzisa ama-transmitters e-EC yezimboni ze-Shandong Renke, anebanga elibanzi elingu-0–20,000 μS/cm kanye nokunemba okuphezulu okungu-±1%, ofanele ikakhulukazi indawo enosawoti eshintshashintshayo yeLake Balkhash. Inethiwekhi yezinzwa isetshenziswa ezindaweni ezibalulekile njengamashaneli angenisayo, amathangi okufukamela, namadamu, idlulisa idatha ngebhasi le-CAN iye kusilawuli esimaphakathi esixhunywe kumadivayisi okuxuba amanzi ahlanzekile/achibini ukuze kulungiswe usawoti wesikhathi sangempela. Lolu hlelo luphinde luhlanganise izinga lokushisa, umoya-mpilo oncibilikisiwe, nokunye ukuqapha kwepharamitha, okuhlinzeka ngokusekelwa kwedatha okuphelele ekulawuleni ukuchanyuselwa.
Ukufukanyelwa kweqanda lezinhlanzi kuzwela kakhulu ekushintsheni kosawoti. Isibonelo, amaqanda e-carp achanyuselwa kangcono phakathi kwebanga le-EC elingu-300–400 μS/cm, ngokuchezuka okubangela amazinga ancishisiwe okuchanyuselwa kanye namazinga aphezulu okukhubazeka. Ngokuqapha okuqhubekayo kwe-EC, ochwepheshe bathola ukuthi izindlela zendabuko zivumela ukuguqulwa kwangempela kwethangi lokufukamela kwe-EC okudlula kakhulu okulindelekile, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokushintshisana kwamanzi, ngokuhluka okufika ku-±150 μS/cm. Uhlelo olusha luzuze ukunemba kokulungisa okungu-±10 μS/cm, lukhuphule isilinganiso sokuchanyuselwa kwesilinganiso sisuka ku-65% siye ku-88% kanye nokunciphisa ukukhubazeka kusuka ku-12% kuya ngaphansi kuka-4%. Lokhu kuthuthukiswa kukhulise kakhulu ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqizwa kwama-fry kanye nenzuzo yezomnotho.
Ngesikhathi sokukhuliswa kwe-fry, ukuqapha kwe-EC kubonakale kubaluleka ngokulinganayo. Indawo yokuchanyuselwa isebenzisa ukujwayela usawoti kancane kancane ukulungisa okuthosiwe ukuze kudedelwe ezingxenyeni ezihlukene zeLake Balkhash. Besebenzisa inethiwekhi yezinzwa ze-EC, ochwepheshe balawula ngokunembile ukuthambekela kosawoti kuwo wonke amachibi akhulisayo, ukushintsha ukusuka emanzini ahlanzekile (EC ≈ 300 μS/cm) ukuya emanzini anosawoti (EC ≈ 3,000 μS/cm). Lokhu kuvumelana nokunemba kuthuthukise amazinga okusinda kwenyamazane ngo-30–40%, ikakhulukazi kumaqoqo aqondiswe ezindaweni ezisempumalanga ezinosawoti omningi wechibi.
Idatha yokuqapha ye-EC nayo yasiza ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwemithombo yamanzi. Isifunda saseLake Balkhash sibhekene nokushoda kwamanzi okukhulayo, futhi izindawo zokuchanyuselwa kwendabuko zazithembele kakhulu emanzini angaphansi komhlaba ukulungisa usawoti, owawubiza futhi ungalawuleki. Ngokuhlaziya idatha yenzwa ye-EC yomlando, ochwepheshe bathuthukise imodeli elungile yokuhlanganisa amanzi echibi nangaphansi komhlaba, behlisa ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba ngo-60% ngenkathi behlangabezana nezidingo zokuchanyuselwa, konga cishe u-$12,000 ngonyaka. Lo mkhuba wakhuthazwa yizikhungo zendawo zezemvelo njengesibonelo sokulondoloza amanzi.
Uhlelo lokusebenza olusha kulokhu bekuwukuhlanganisa ukuqapha kwe-EC nedatha yesimo sezulu ukuze kwakhiwe amamodeli abikezelayo. Isifunda saseLake Balkhash sivamise ukuba nemvula enamandla kanye nokuncibilika kweqhwa entwasahlobo, okubangela ukugeleza okuzumayo kwe-Ili River okuthinta usawoti ongenisa ukuchanyuselwa. Ngokuhlanganisa idatha yenethiwekhi yenzwa ye-EC nezibikezelo zesimo sezulu, isistimu ibikezela i-inlet EC ishintsha amahora angu-24-48 kusengaphambili, ilungise ngokuzenzakalelayo izilinganiso zokuhlanganisa zokulawula okusebenzayo. Lo msebenzi ubonakale ubucayi ngesikhathi sezikhukhula zasentwasahlobo ka-2023, ukugcina izinga lokuchanyuselwa libe ngaphezu kwama-85% kuyilapho izindawo zokuchanyuselwa ezivamile eziseduze zehle ngaphansi kuka-50%.
Iphrojekthi ihlangabezane nezinselelo zokuzivumelanisa nezimo. Amanzi eLake Balkhash aqukethe ukugxila okuphezulu kwe-carbonate ne-sulfate, okuholela ekulinganisweni kwe-electrode okuphazamisa ukunemba kokulinganisa. Isixazululo bekuwukusebenzisa ama-electrode akhethekile alwa nokukala anemishini yokuhlanza ezenzakalelayo eyenza ukuhlanza ngomshini njalo emahoreni ayi-12. Ukwengeza, i-plankton eningi echibini ibambelele endaweni yezinzwa, encishiswe ngokulungiselela izindawo zokufakela (ukugwema izindawo ezine-biomass ephezulu) kanye nokwengeza ukuvalwa kwe-UV.
Impumelelo ye-“Aksu” hatchery ibonisa ukuthi ubuchwepheshe benzwa ye-EC bungabhekana kanjani nezinselele ze-aquaculture ezindaweni eziyingqayizivele zemvelo. Inhloko yephrojekthi yaphawula, “Izimpawu zosawoti eChibini i-Balkhash kwake kwaba yikhanda lethu elikhulu kakhulu, kodwa manje sekuyinzuzo yokuphatha ngokwesayensi—ngokulawula i-EC ngokunembile, sakha indawo ekahle yezinhlobo zezinhlanzi ezihlukahlukene nezigaba zokukhula.” Leli cala linikeza imininingwane ebalulekile mayelana nokufuywa kwezilwane zasemanzini emachibini afanayo, ikakhulukazi lawo anama-salinity gradients noma ukushintshashintsha kobusawoti kwesizini.
Futhi singahlinzeka ngezixazululo ezahlukahlukene
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2. Isistimu ye-Buoy entantayo yekhwalithi yamanzi enepharamitha eminingi
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