Njengezwe elibalulekile e-Asia Ephakathi, iKazakhstan inemithombo yamanzi eminingi kanye namathuba amakhulu okuthuthukiswa kwezolimo zasemanzini. Ngokuthuthuka kobuchwepheshe bezolimo zasemanzini emhlabeni wonke kanye nokushintshela ezinhlelweni ezihlakaniphile, ubuchwepheshe bokuqapha ikhwalithi yamanzi busetshenziswa kakhulu emkhakheni wezolimo zasemanzini wezwe. Lesi sihloko sihlola ngokuhlelekile amacala athile okusetshenziswa kwezinzwa zokuqhuba ugesi (EC) embonini yezolimo zasemanzini yaseKazakhstan, sihlaziya izimiso zazo zobuchwepheshe, imiphumela esebenzayo, kanye nemikhuba yentuthuko yesikhathi esizayo. Ngokuhlola amacala ajwayelekile njengokulima i-sturgeon oLwandle iCaspian, izindawo zokuzalela izinhlanzi eLake Balkhash, kanye nokujikeleza kabusha izinhlelo zezolimo zasemanzini esifundeni sase-Almaty, leli phepha lembula ukuthi izinzwa ze-EC zisiza kanjani abalimi bendawo ukubhekana nezinselele zokuphathwa kwekhwalithi yamanzi, ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwezolimo, kanye nokunciphisa izingozi zemvelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lesi sihloko sixoxa ngezinselele iKazakhstan ebhekene nazo ekuguqulweni kobuhlakani bezolimo zasemanzini kanye nezixazululo ezingaba khona, sinikeza izinkomba ezibalulekile zokuthuthukiswa kwezolimo zasemanzini kwezinye izifunda ezifanayo.
Ukubuka Konke Kwezimboni ZaseKazakhstan Zokulima Izinhlanzi Nezidingo Zokuqapha Ikhwalithi Yamanzi
Njengezwe elikhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni elinogwini lolwandle, iKazakhstan inemithombo yamanzi ecebile, okuhlanganisa nezindawo ezinkulu zamanzi ezifana noLwandle iCaspian, iLake Balkhash, neLake Zaysan, kanye nemifula eminingi, enikeza izimo zemvelo ezihlukile zokuthuthukiswa kwezolimo zasemanzini. Imboni yezolimo zasemanzini yezwe ibonise ukukhula okuqhubekayo eminyakeni yamuva nje, ngezinhlobo ezifuywayo eziyinhloko okuhlanganisa i-carp, i-sturgeon, i-rainbow trout, kanye ne-sturgeon yaseSiberia. Ukufuya i-sturgeon esifundeni saseCaspian, ikakhulukazi, kudonsele ukunaka okukhulu ngenxa yokukhiqizwa kwayo kwe-caviar enenani eliphezulu. Kodwa-ke, imboni yezolimo zasemanzini yaseKazakhstan nayo ibhekene nezinselele eziningi, njengokushintshashintsha okukhulu kwekhwalithi yamanzi, amasu okulima asezingeni eliphansi, kanye nemiphumela yesimo sezulu esibi kakhulu, konke okuvimbela intuthuko yemboni.
Ezindaweni zokufuywa kwezinhlanzi zaseKazakhstan, ukuhanjiswa kukagesi (EC), njengepharamitha ebalulekile yekhwalithi yamanzi, kunokubaluleka okukhethekile kokuqapha. I-EC ibonisa ukuhlushwa okuphelele kwama-ion kasawoti ancibilikisiwe emanzini, okuthinta ngqo i-osmoregulation kanye nemisebenzi yomzimba yezinto eziphilayo zasemanzini. Amanani e-EC ahlukahluka kakhulu ezindaweni ezahlukene zamanzi eKazakhstan: uLwandle iCaspian, njengechibi lamanzi anosawoti, lunamanani aphezulu e-EC (cishe 13,000–15,000 μS/cm); Isifunda esisentshonalanga seLake Balkhash, njengoba singamanzi ahlanzekile, sinamanani aphansi e-EC (cishe 300–500 μS/cm), kuyilapho isifunda saso esisempumalanga, singenawo umthombo wokuphuma, sibonisa usawoti ophezulu (cishe 5,000–6,000 μS/cm). Amachibi ase-Alpine njengeLake Zaysan abonisa amanani e-EC aguquguqukayo nakakhulu. Lezi zimo zekhwalithi yamanzi eziyinkimbinkimbi zenza ukuqapha kwe-EC kube yinto ebalulekile ekuphumeleleni kokufuywa kwezinhlanzi eKazakhstan.
Ngokwesiko, abalimi baseKazakh babethembele kokuhlangenwe nakho ukuhlola ikhwalithi yamanzi, besebenzisa izindlela ezizimele njengokubuka umbala wamanzi kanye nokuziphatha kwezinhlanzi ukuze baphathe. Le ndlela ayigcini nje ngokuntula ukuqina kwesayensi kodwa futhi yenza kwaba nzima ukubona izinkinga ezingaba khona zekhwalithi yamanzi ngokushesha, okuvame ukuholela ekufeni kwezinhlanzi ezinkulu kanye nokulahlekelwa kwezomnotho. Njengoba izikali zokulima zanda futhi amazinga okukhula ekhuphuka, isidingo sokuqapha ikhwalithi yamanzi ngokunembile siye saba siphuthumayo kakhulu. Ukwethulwa kobuchwepheshe bezinzwa ze-EC kunikeze imboni yezolimo zaseKazakhstan ikhambi lokuqapha ikhwalithi yamanzi elithembekile, elisebenza ngesikhathi sangempela, nelingabizi kakhulu.
Esimweni esithile semvelo saseKazakhstan, ukuqapha i-EC kunemiphumela eminingi ebalulekile. Okokuqala, amanani e-EC abonisa ngqo izinguquko zosawoti emanzini, okubalulekile ekuphatheni izinhlanzi ze-euryhaline (isb., i-sturgeon) kanye nezinhlanzi ze-stenohaline (isb., i-rainbow trout). Okwesibili, ukwanda kwe-EC okungavamile kungabonisa ukungcoliswa kwamanzi, njengokuphuma kwamanzi amdaka ezimbonini noma ukugeleza kwamanzi athwala usawoti namaminerali. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amanani e-EC ahlobene kabi namazinga e-oxygen ancibilikisiwe—amanzi aphezulu e-EC ngokuvamile ane-oxygen encibilikisiwe ephansi, okusongela ukusinda kwezinhlanzi. Ngakho-ke, ukuqapha okuqhubekayo kwe-EC kusiza abalimi ukulungisa amasu okuphatha ngokushesha ukuze kuvinjelwe ukucindezeleka nokufa kwezinhlanzi.
Uhulumeni waseKazakhstan usanda kuqaphela ukubaluleka kokuqapha ikhwalithi yamanzi ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukufuywa kwezinhlanzi okusimeme. Ezinhlelweni zakhe zikazwelonke zokuthuthukiswa kwezolimo, uhulumeni useqalile ukukhuthaza amabhizinisi ezolimo ukuthi asebenzise imishini yokuqapha ehlakaniphile futhi anikeze uxhaso olungaphelele. Okwamanje, izinhlangano zamazwe ngamazwe nezinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe zikhuthaza ubuchwepheshe bezolimo obuthuthukisiwe nemishini eKazakhstan, okusheshisa kakhulu ukusetshenziswa kwezinzwa ze-EC kanye nobunye ubuchwepheshe bokuqapha ikhwalithi yamanzi ezweni. Lokhu kusekelwa kwenqubomgomo kanye nokwethulwa kobuchwepheshe kudale izimo ezinhle zokuthuthukiswa kwemboni yokufuywa kwezinhlanzi eKazakhstan.
Izimiso Zobuchwepheshe kanye Nezingxenye Zesistimu Zezinzwa Zekhwalithi Yamanzi ze-EC
Izinzwa zokuqhuba ugesi (EC) ziyizingxenye eziyinhloko zezinhlelo zokuqapha ikhwalithi yamanzi zanamuhla, ezisebenza ngokusekelwe ekulinganisweni okunembile kwamandla okuqhuba isixazululo. Ezisetshenzisweni zezolimo zaseKazakhstan, izinzwa ze-EC zihlola amazinga e-total dissolved solids (TDS) kanye nosawoti ngokuthola izakhiwo zokuqhuba ama-ion emanzini, zinikeze ukwesekwa kwedatha ebalulekile yokuphathwa kwezolimo. Ngokombono wezobuchwepheshe, izinzwa ze-EC zithembele kakhulu ezimisweni ze-electrochemical: lapho ama-electrode amabili ecwiliswa emanzini futhi kusetshenziswa i-voltage ehlukile, ama-ion ancibilikisiwe ahamba ngendlela eya ekwakheni ugesi, futhi inzwa ibala inani le-EC ngokulinganisa lobu bunzima bamanje. Ukuze kugwenywe amaphutha okulinganisa abangelwa ukuhlukaniswa kwe-electrode, izinzwa ze-EC zanamuhla zivame ukusebenzisa imithombo yokuvuselela i-AC kanye namasu okulinganisa imvamisa ephezulu ukuqinisekisa ukunemba kwedatha nokuzinza.
Ngokuphathelene nesakhiwo sezinzwa, izinzwa ze-EC ze-aquaculture ngokuvamile zakhiwa yi-sensor element kanye ne-signal processing module. I-sensor element ivame ukwenziwa ngama-electrode e-titanium noma e-platinum amelana nokugqwala, akwazi ukumelana namakhemikhali ahlukahlukene emanzini okulima isikhathi eside. I-module yokucubungula izinzwa ikhulisa, ihlunge, futhi iguqule izimpawu zikagesi ezibuthakathaka zibe yimiphumela ejwayelekile. Izinzwa ze-EC ezivame ukusetshenziswa emapulazini aseKazakh zivame ukusebenzisa umklamo wama-electrode amane, lapho ama-electrode amabili esebenzisa ugesi ongaguquki kanti amanye amabili alinganisa umehluko we-voltage. Lo mklamo uqeda ngempumelelo ukuphazamiseka okuvela ekuqhekekeni kwe-electrode kanye nekhono lokuxhumana, okuthuthukisa kakhulu ukunemba kokulinganisa, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zokulima ezinokwehluka okukhulu kosawoti.
Isinxephezelo sokushisa siyisici esibalulekile sobuchwepheshe sezinzwa ze-EC, njengoba amanani e-EC ethintwa kakhulu amazinga okushisa kwamanzi. Izinzwa ze-EC zesimanje ngokuvamile zinezimbobo zokushisa eziqondile ezakhelwe ngaphakathi eziqinisekisa ngokuzenzakalelayo izilinganiso kumanani alinganayo ekushiseni okujwayelekile (ngokuvamile okungu-25°C) ngama-algorithms, okuqinisekisa ukuqhathaniswa kwedatha. Njengoba kunikezwe indawo yaseKazakhstan yangaphakathi, ukushintshashintsha okukhulu kokushisa kwansuku zonke, kanye nezinguquko ezinkulu zokushisa zesizini, lo msebenzi wesinxephezelo sokushisa okuzenzakalelayo ubaluleke kakhulu. Abathumeli be-EC bezimboni abavela kubakhiqizi abanjengoShandong Renke nabo banikeza ukushintsha kwesinxephezelo sokushisa ngesandla nangokuzenzakalelayo, okuvumela ukuzivumelanisa nezimo eziguquguqukayo ezimweni ezahlukene zokulima eKazakhstan.
Ngokombono wokuhlanganiswa kwesistimu, izinzwa ze-EC emapulazini okufuya asolwandle aseKazakh zivame ukusebenza njengengxenye yesistimu yokuqapha ikhwalithi yamanzi enamapharamitha amaningi. Ngaphandle kwe-EC, izinhlelo ezinjalo zihlanganisa imisebenzi yokuqapha yamapharamitha abalulekile ekhwalithi yamanzi njenge-oxygen encibilikisiwe (DO), i-pH, amandla okunciphisa i-oxidation (ORP), i-turbidity, kanye ne-ammonia nitrogen. Idatha evela kuzinzwa ezahlukahlukene idluliselwa ngebhasi le-CAN noma ubuchwepheshe bokuxhumana obungenantambo (isb., i-TurMass, i-GSM) kusilawuli esiphakathi bese ilayishwa epulatifomu yamafu ukuze ihlaziywe futhi igcinwe. Izixazululo ze-IoT ezivela ezinkampanini ezifana ne-Weihai Jingxin Changtong zivumela abalimi ukubuka idatha yekhwalithi yamanzi yesikhathi sangempela ngezinhlelo zokusebenza ze-smartphone futhi bathole izexwayiso zamapharamitha angajwayelekile, okuthuthukisa kakhulu ukusebenza kahle kokuphatha.
Ithebula: Amapharamitha Obuchwepheshe Ajwayelekile Wezinzwa Ze-EC Zokufuya Izilwane
| Isigaba Sepharamitha | Imininingwane Yobuchwepheshe | Izinto Okumelwe Uzicabangele Ngezicelo zaseKazakhstan |
|---|---|---|
| Ibanga Lokulinganisa | 0–20,000 μS/cm | Kumelwe umboze amanzi ahlanzekile kuya ezindaweni zamanzi anosawoti |
| Ukunemba | ±1% FS | Ihlangabezana nezidingo eziyisisekelo zokuphathwa kwezolimo |
| Ibanga Lokushisa | 0–60°C | Ivumelana nezimo zezulu ezibucayi kakhulu zezwekazi |
| Isilinganiso Sokuvikela | I-IP68 | Amanzi angangeni manzi futhi angangeni uthuli ukuze asetshenziswe ngaphandle |
| Isixhumanisi Sokuxhumana | I-RS485/4-20mA/engenantambo | Kwenza kube lula ukuhlanganiswa kwesistimu kanye nokudluliswa kwedatha |
| Izinto ze-Electrode | I-Titanium/iplatinum | Imelana nokugqwala isikhathi eside sokuphila |
Ezinhlelweni ezisebenzayo zaseKazakhstan, izindlela zokufaka izinzwa ze-EC nazo zihlukile. Emapulazini amakhulu angaphandle, izinzwa zivame ukufakwa ngezindlela ezisekelwe ku-buoy noma ezifakwe ngokuqinile ukuqinisekisa izindawo zokulinganisa ezimele. Ezinhlelweni zokulima zasemanzini ezijikeleza kabusha efektri (i-RAS), ukufakwa kwamapayipi kuvamile, kuqapha ngqo izinguquko zekhwalithi yamanzi ngaphambi nangemva kokwelashwa. Iziqaphi ze-EC zezimboni eziku-inthanethi ezivela ku-Gandon Technology nazo zinikeza izinketho zokufaka ukugeleza kwamanzi, ezifanele izimo zokulima ezinabantu abaningi ezidinga ukuqapha amanzi okuqhubekayo. Ngenxa yokubanda okukhulu kwasebusika kwezinye izifunda zaseKazakh, izinzwa ze-EC eziphezulu zihlonyiswe ngemiklamo yokulwa nokubanda ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza okuthembekile emazingeni okushisa aphansi.
Ukugcinwa kwezinzwa kuyisihluthulelo sokuqinisekisa ukuthembeka kokuqapha isikhathi eside. Inselelo evamile ebhekene namapulazi aseKazakh ukungcola kwezinto eziphilayo—ukukhula kolwelwe, amabhaktheriya, nezinye izinto ezincane ezindaweni zezinzwa, okuthinta ukunemba kokulinganisa. Ukuze kuxazululwe lokhu, izinzwa ze-EC zanamuhla zisebenzisa imiklamo emisha ehlukahlukene, njengezinhlelo zokuzihlanza zeShandong Renke kanye nobuchwepheshe bokulinganisa obusekelwe ku-fluorescence, okunciphisa kakhulu imvamisa yokulungisa. Kuzinzwa ezingenazo imisebenzi yokuzihlanza, “izindawo zokuzihlanza” ezikhethekile ezifakwe amabhulashi omshini noma ukuhlanza nge-ultrasonic zingahlanza izindawo ze-electrode ngezikhathi ezithile. Lokhu kuthuthuka kobuchwepheshe kwenza izinzwa ze-EC zisebenze kahle ngisho nasezindaweni ezikude zaseKazakhstan, zinciphise ukungenelela ngesandla.
Ngokuthuthuka kobuchwepheshe be-IoT kanye ne-AI, izinzwa ze-EC ziyashintsha kusukela kumadivayisi okulinganisa nje ziye kuma-node ahlakaniphile okwenza izinqumo. Isibonelo esiphawulekayo yi-eKoral, uhlelo olwakhiwe yi-Haobo International, olungagcini nje ngokuqapha imingcele yekhwalithi yamanzi kodwa futhi olusebenzisa ama-algorithms okufunda komshini ukubikezela izitayela nokulungisa ngokuzenzakalelayo imishini ukuze kulondolozwe izimo zokulima ezifanele. Lolu shintsho oluhlakaniphile lubaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukisweni okusimeme kwemboni yezolimo zaseKazakhstan, kusiza abalimi bendawo ukunqoba izikhala zobuchwepheshe kanye nokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza kanye nekhwalithi yomkhiqizo.
Icala Lesicelo Sokuqapha i-EC epulazini laseCaspian Sea Sturgeon
Isifunda saseCaspian Sea, esinye sezizinda ezibaluleke kakhulu zokufuywa kwezinhlanzi eKazakhstan, saziwa ngokufuywa kwe-sturgeon esezingeni eliphezulu kanye nokukhiqizwa kwe-caviar. Kodwa-ke, eminyakeni yamuva nje, ukuguquguquka kosawoti okwandayo oLwandle iCaspian, kanye nokungcola kwezimboni, kuye kwaba yinselele enkulu ekufuyweni kwe-sturgeon. Ipulazi elikhulu le-sturgeon eduze kwase-Aktau laqala ukwethulwa kohlelo lwe-EC sensor, labhekana ngempumelelo nalezi zinguquko zemvelo ngokuqapha ngesikhathi sangempela kanye nokulungiswa okunembile, laba yisibonelo sokufuywa kwezinhlanzi kwanamuhla eKazakhstan.
Ipulazi lihlanganisa cishe amahektha angu-50, lisebenzisa uhlelo lokulima oluvaliwe kancane ikakhulukazi lwezinhlobo zenani eliphezulu njenge-sturgeon yaseRussia kanye ne-sturgeon ye-stellate. Ngaphambi kokwamukela ukuqapha kwe-EC, ipulazi lalithembele ngokuphelele ekuhlolweni kwamasampula ngesandla kanye nokuhlaziywa kwelebhu, okwaholela ekubambezelekeni okukhulu kwedatha kanye nokungakwazi ukuphendula ngokushesha ezinguqukweni zekhwalithi yamanzi. Ngo-2019, ipulazi labambisana ne-Haobo International ukuze kusetshenziswe uhlelo lokuqapha ikhwalithi yamanzi oluhlakaniphile olusekelwe ku-IoT, olunezinzwa ze-EC njengezingxenye eziyinhloko ezibekwe ngokuhlelekile ezindaweni ezibalulekile njengezindawo zokungena kwamanzi, amachibi okulima, kanye nezindawo zokukhipha amanzi. Uhlelo lusebenzisa ukudluliselwa okungenantambo kwe-TurMass ukuthumela idatha yesikhathi sangempela egumbini lokulawula eliphakathi kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza zeselula zabalimi, okuvumela ukuqapha okungaphazanyiswa amahora angama-24/7.
Njengenhlanzi i-euryhaline, i-Caspian sturgeon ingazivumelanisa nokwehlukahlukana kosawoti, kodwa indawo yayo yokukhula efanele idinga amanani e-EC aphakathi kuka-12,000–14,000 μS/cm. Ukuphambuka kulolu hlu kubangela ukucindezeleka ngokomzimba, okuthinta amazinga okukhula kanye nekhwalithi ye-caviar. Ngokuqapha okuqhubekayo kwe-EC, ochwepheshe basemapulazini bathole ukuguquguquka okukhulu kwesizini kusawoti wamanzi angenayo: ngesikhathi sokuncibilika kweqhwa entwasahlobo, ukwanda kokungena kwamanzi ahlanzekile avela eMfuleni iVolga nakweminye imifula kunciphisa amanani e-EC asogwini abe ngaphansi kuka-10,000 μS/cm, kuyilapho ukuhwamuka okukhulu kwehlobo kungakhuphula amanani e-EC angaphezu kuka-16,000 μS/cm. Lokhu kuguquguquka kwakuvame ukunganakwa esikhathini esidlule, okuholela ekukhuleni okungalingani kwe-sturgeon.
Ithebula: Ukuqhathaniswa Kwemiphumela Yokusetshenziswa Kokuqapha kwe-EC epulazini laseCaspian Sturgeon
| I-Metric | Izinzwa Zangaphambi Kwe-EC (2018) | Izinzwa Zangemva Kwe-EC (2022) | Ukuthuthukiswa |
|---|---|---|---|
| Isilinganiso Sezinga Lokukhula Kwe-Sturgeon (g/ngosuku) | 3.2 | 4.1 | +28% |
| Isivuno se-Caviar se-Premium-Grade | 65% | 82% | +17 amaphesenti amaphuzu |
| Ukufa Okubangelwa Yizinkinga Zekhwalithi Yamanzi | 12% | 4% | -8 amaphesenti amaphuzu |
| Isilinganiso Sokuguqulwa Kokuphakelayo | 1.8:1 | 1.5:1 | Inzuzo yokusebenza kahle engu-17% |
| Ukuhlolwa Kwamanzi Ngesandla Ngenyanga | 60 | 15 | -75% |
Ngokusekelwe kudatha ye-EC yesikhathi sangempela, ipulazi lasebenzisa izindlela eziningana zokulungisa ngokunemba. Lapho amanani e-EC ehla ngaphansi kobubanzi obufanele, uhlelo lwanciphisa ngokuzenzakalelayo ukungena kwamanzi ahlanzekile futhi lwavuselela ukujikeleza kwamanzi ukuze kwandiswe isikhathi sokugcina amanzi. Lapho amanani e-EC ephezulu kakhulu, lwandisa ukwengezwa kwamanzi ahlanzekile futhi lwandisa umoya. Lokhu kulungiswa, okwakusekelwe ekwahluleleni okubonakalayo, manje sekunokusekelwa kwedatha yesayensi, kuthuthukisa isikhathi kanye nobukhulu bokulungiswa. Ngokusho kwemibiko yepulazi, ngemuva kokwamukela ukuqapha kwe-EC, amazinga okukhula kwe-sturgeon akhuphuke ngo-28%, isivuno se-caviar se-premium sakhuphuka sisuka ku-65% saya ku-82%, kanti ukufa ngenxa yezinkinga zekhwalithi yamanzi kwehle kusuka ku-12% kwaya ku-4%.
Ukuqapha i-EC nakho kudlale indima ebalulekile ekuxwayisweni kokungcoliswa kusenesikhathi. Ehlobo lika-2021, izinzwa ze-EC zithole ukuphakama okungajwayelekile emazingeni e-EC echibini ngaphezu kokushintshashintsha okuvamile. Uhlelo lwakhipha isaziso ngokushesha, futhi ochwepheshe basheshe bathola ukuvuza kwamanzi amdaka okuvela efektri eseduze. Ngenxa yokutholakala ngesikhathi esifanele, ipulazi lahlukanisa ichibi elithintekile futhi lasebenzisa izinhlelo zokuhlanza eziphuthumayo, kwagwenywa ukulahlekelwa okukhulu. Ngemva kwalesi sigameko, izinhlangano zemvelo zasendaweni zabambisana nepulazi ukusungula inethiwekhi yesifunda yokuxwayisa ngekhwalithi yamanzi esekelwe ekuqapheni i-EC, ehlanganisa izindawo ezibanzi ezisogwini.
Ngokuphathelene nokusebenza kahle kwamandla, uhlelo lokuqapha lwe-EC lunikeze izinzuzo ezinkulu. Ngokwesiko, ipulazi lalishintshana ngamanzi ngokweqile njengendlela yokuqapha, lichitha amandla amaningi. Ngokuqapha kwe-EC okunembile, ochwepheshe bathuthukise amasu okushintshana ngamanzi, benza izinguquko kuphela uma kudingeka. Idatha ikhombisile ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwamandla ephampu yepulazi kwehle ngo-35%, konga cishe u-$25,000 ngonyaka ezindlekweni zikagesi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngenxa yezimo zamanzi ezizinzile, ukusetshenziswa kokudla kwe-sturgeon kuthuthukile, kunciphisa izindleko zokudla cishe ngo-15%.
Lolu cwaningo lwecala lubhekane nezinselele zobuchwepheshe. Indawo enosawoti omningi yoLwandle iCaspian yayidinga ukuqina okukhulu kwezinzwa, kanti ama-electrode okuqala ezinzwa ayebola zingakapheli izinyanga. Ngemva kokuthuthukiswa kokusebenzisa ama-electrode akhethekile e-titanium alloy kanye nezindawo zokuvikela ezithuthukisiwe, isikhathi sokuphila sanda safinyelela eminyakeni engaphezu kwemithathu. Enye inselele kwakuwukuqandisa ebusika, okwathinta ukusebenza kwezinzwa. Isixazululo sasihilela ukufaka ama-heater amancane kanye nama-anti-ice buoys ezindaweni ezibalulekile zokuqapha ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza konyaka wonke.
Lolu hlelo lokusebenza lokuqapha i-EC lubonisa ukuthi ukusungula ubuchwepheshe kungashintsha kanjani imikhuba yendabuko yokulima. Umphathi wepulazi waphawula, “Besisebenza ebumnyameni, kodwa ngedatha ye-EC yesikhathi sangempela, kufana nokuba ‘namehlo angaphansi kwamanzi’—singaqonda ngempela futhi silawule indawo ye-sturgeon.” Impumelelo yaleli cala idonsele ukunaka kwamanye amabhizinisi okulima aseKazakh, ikhuthaza ukwamukelwa kwe-EC sensor ezweni lonke. Ngo-2023, uMnyango Wezolimo waseKazakhstan waze wathuthukisa nezindinganiso zemboni zokuqapha ikhwalithi yamanzi asemanzini ngokusekelwe kuleli cala, okudinga amapulazi aphakathi namakhulu ukuthi afake imishini yokuqapha i-EC eyisisekelo.
Imikhuba Yokulawula Usawoti E-Lake Balkhash Fish Hatchery
ILake Balkhash, indawo ebalulekile yamanzi eningizimu-mpumalanga yeKazakhstan, inikeza indawo efanele yokuzalela izinhlobo ezahlukene zezinhlanzi zezentengiselwano ngenxa yesimiso sayo esiyingqayizivele semvelo enama-brack. Kodwa-ke, isici esihlukile sechibi umehluko walo omkhulu wosawoti phakathi kwempumalanga nentshonalanga—isifunda sasentshonalanga, esiphakelwa uMfula i-Ili kanye neminye imithombo yamanzi ahlanzekile, sinosawoti ophansi (EC ≈ 300–500 μS/cm), kuyilapho isifunda sasempumalanga, esingenayo indawo yokukhipha amanzi, siqoqa usawoti (EC ≈ 5,000–6,000 μS/cm). Lokhu kukhula kosawoti kuveza izinselele ezikhethekile ezindaweni zokuzalela izinhlanzi, okwenza amabhizinisi okulima endawo ahlole ukusetshenziswa okusha kobuchwepheshe bezinzwa ze-EC.
Indawo yokufuya izinhlanzi i-“Aksu”, etholakala ogwini olusentshonalanga lweLake Balkhash, iyindawo enkulu kunazo zonke yokukhiqiza ama-fry esifundeni, ikakhulukazi izala izinhlobo zamanzi ahlanzekile njenge-carp, i-silver carp, kanye ne-bighead carp, kuyilapho izama nezinhlanzi ezikhethekile ezijwayeleke njenge-brackish. Izindlela zendabuko zokufuya izinhlanzi zabhekana namazinga angazinzile okufuya, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi seqhwa lasentwasahlobo lapho ukugeleza koMfula i-Ili okukhuphukayo kubangele ukushintshashintsha okukhulu kwamanzi okungena e-EC (200–800 μS/cm), okuthinta kakhulu ukukhula kwamaqanda kanye nokusinda kwama-fry. Ngo-2022, indawo yokufuya izinhlanzi yethula uhlelo oluzenzakalelayo lokulawula usawoti olusekelwe ezinzwa ze-EC, oluguqula lesi simo ngokuyisisekelo.
Ingaphakathi lesistimu lisebenzisa ama-transmitter e-industrial EC eShandong Renke, anobubanzi obungu-0–20,000 μS/cm kanye nokunemba okuphezulu okungu-±1%, okulungele kakhulu indawo yokuguquguquka kosawoti eLake Balkhash. Inethiwekhi yezinzwa isetshenziswa ezindaweni ezibalulekile njengeziteshi zokungenisa, amathangi okukhulisa, kanye namachibi, idlulisela idatha ngebhasi le-CAN kumlawuli ophakathi oxhunywe kumadivayisi okuxuba amanzi ahlanzekile/amanzi echibi ukuze kulungiswe usawoti ngesikhathi sangempela. Uhlelo luhlanganisa futhi izinga lokushisa, umoya-mpilo oncibilikisiwe, kanye nokuqapha okunye kwamapharamitha, okunikeza ukwesekwa kwedatha okuphelele kokuphathwa kwezindawo zokufulela.
Ukufukamela amaqanda enhlanzi kuzwela kakhulu ekushintsheni kosawoti. Isibonelo, amaqanda e-carp achamisela kangcono ngaphakathi kobubanzi be-EC obungu-300–400 μS/cm, kanye nokuphambuka okubangela amazinga okufukamela anciphile kanye namazinga aphezulu okukhubazeka. Ngokusebenzisa ukuqapha okuqhubekayo kwe-EC, ochwepheshe bathole ukuthi izindlela zendabuko zivumela ukuguquguquka kwangempela kwe-EC tank yokufukamela okudlule kakhulu okulindelwe, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokushintshana kwamanzi, ngokushintshashintsha okufika ku-±150 μS/cm. Uhlelo olusha lufinyelele ukunemba kokulungiswa okungu-±10 μS/cm, luphakamisa amazinga okufukamela aphakathi kusuka ku-65% kuya ku-88% futhi lunciphisa ukukhubazeka kusuka ku-12% kuya ngaphansi kuka-4%. Lokhu kuthuthuka kukhulise kakhulu ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza ama-fry kanye nembuyiselo yezomnotho.
Ngesikhathi sokufuya ama-fry, ukuqapha kwe-EC kwabonakala kuwusizo ngokulinganayo. Indawo yokufuya isebenzisa ukuzivumelanisa kancane kancane kosawoti ukuze ilungiselele ama-fry ukuze akhishwe ezingxenyeni ezahlukene zeLake Balkhash. Besebenzisa inethiwekhi ye-EC sensor, ochwepheshe balawula ngokunembile ukuthambekela kosawoti emachibini okukhulisa, beshintsha besuka emanzini ahlanzekile (EC ≈ 300 μS/cm) baye emanzini anosawoti (EC ≈ 3,000 μS/cm). Lokhu kuqondanisa ngokunemba kuthuthukise amazinga okusinda kwama-fry ngo-30-40%, ikakhulukazi kumaqoqo ahloselwe izifunda ezisempumalanga zechibi ezinosawoti omningi.
Idatha yokuqapha i-EC nayo isize ekuthuthukiseni ukusebenza kahle kwemithombo yamanzi. Isifunda saseLake Balkhash sibhekene nokuntuleka kwamanzi okwandayo, kanti izindawo zokufuya izinyoni zendabuko zithembele kakhulu emanzini angaphansi komhlaba ukuze zilungise usawoti, okwakubiza kakhulu futhi kungagcineki. Ngokuhlaziya idatha yezinzwa ze-EC zomlando, ochwepheshe bathuthukise imodeli yokuxuba amanzi angaphansi komhlaba efanelekile, benciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba ngo-60% ngenkathi behlangabezana nezidingo zezindawo zokufuya izinyoni, bonga cishe u-$12,000 ngonyaka. Lo mkhuba wakhuthazwa yizinhlangano zemvelo zendawo njengesibonelo sokongiwa kwamanzi.
Uhlelo lokusebenza olusha kulokhu kwakuwukuhlanganisa ukuqapha kwe-EC nedatha yesimo sezulu ukwakha amamodeli okubikezela. Isifunda saseLake Balkhash sivame ukubhekana nemvula enkulu kanye nokuncibilika kweqhwa entwasahlobo, okubangela ukugeleza okukhulu koMfula i-Ili okuthinta usawoti wokungena kwezindawo zokufulela. Ngokuhlanganisa idatha yenethiwekhi ye-EC sensor nezibikezelo zesimo sezulu, uhlelo lubikezela izinguquko ze-EC zokungena emahoreni angama-24-48 kusengaphambili, lulungisa ngokuzenzakalelayo izilinganiso zokuxuba ukuze kulawulwe ngendlela esebenzayo. Lo msebenzi waba balulekile ngesikhathi sezikhukhula zasentwasahlobo ka-2023, kugcina amazinga okufulela edlula ama-85% kuyilapho izindawo zokufulela zendabuko eziseduze zehle ngaphansi kwama-50%.
Iphrojekthi ihlangabezane nezinselele zokuzivumelanisa nezimo. Amanzi eLake Balkhash aqukethe amazinga aphezulu e-carbonate kanye ne-sulfate, okuholela ekulinganisweni kwe-electrode okuphazamisa ukunemba kokulinganisa. Isixazululo kwakuwukusebenzisa ama-electrode akhethekile okulwa nokukhula anezindlela zokuhlanza ezizenzakalelayo ezenza ukuhlanza ngomshini njalo emahoreni ayi-12. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-plankton eningi echibini inamathele ezindaweni zezinzwa, yancishiswa ngokuthuthukisa izindawo zokufaka (ukugwema izindawo ezine-biomass ephezulu) kanye nokwengeza ukubulala amagciwane e-UV.
Impumelelo yesikhungo sokufuya izinhlanzi i-“Aksu” ibonisa indlela ubuchwepheshe bezinzwa ze-EC obungabhekana ngayo nezinselele zokufuya izinhlanzi ezindaweni zemvelo ezihlukile. Inhloko yephrojekthi yaphawula, “Izici zosawoti eLake Balkhash zaziyizinkinga zethu ezinkulu, kodwa manje seziyinzuzo yokuphathwa kwesayensi—ngokulawula ngokunembile i-EC, sakha izindawo ezifanele izinhlobo ezahlukene zezinhlanzi kanye nezigaba zokukhula.” Leli cala linikeza ukuqonda okubalulekile ngokufuya izinhlanzi emachibini afanayo, ikakhulukazi lawo anezinga losawoti noma ukushintshashintsha kosawoti ngezikhathi ezithile.
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Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Julayi-04-2025