Njengelinye lamazwe anezinsiza eziningi zamandla elanga emhlabeni jikelele, iSaudi Arabia ithuthukisa ngamandla imboni yayo yokuphehla amandla e-photovoltaic ukuze iqhube uguquko lwesakhiwo samandla. Kodwa-ke, izivunguvungu zesihlabathi ezivamile ezindaweni eziwugwadule zibangela ukunqwabelana kothuli olunzima endaweni yephaneli ye-PV, kunciphisa kakhulu ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqizwa kwamandla—isici esibalulekile esivimbela izinzuzo zezomnotho zezitshalo zamandla elanga. Lesi sihloko sihlaziya ngokuhlelekile isimo samanje sokusetshenziswa kwemishini yokuhlanza iphaneli ye-PV e-Saudi Arabia, igxile ekutheni izixazululo zokuhlanza ezihlakaniphile ezithuthukiswe izinkampani zobuchwepheshe zaseShayina zibhekana kanjani nezinselele zezindawo eziwugwadule ngokwedlulele. Ngokusebenzisa izifundo eziningi, kubonisa izinzuzo zabo zobuchwepheshe kanye nezinzuzo zezomnotho. Kusukela ogwini loLwandle Olubomvu kuya edolobheni le-NEOM, futhi kusukela kuhlelo lwe-PV olungaguquki lwendabuko kuya ezinhlelweni zokulandela umkhondo, lawa madivaysi okuhlanza ahlakaniphile abumba kabusha amamodeli okulungisa we-Saudi PV ngokusebenza kahle kwawo okuphezulu, izici zokonga amanzi, namandla okuzishintshashintsha, kuyilapho ehlinzeka ngamapharadigm obuchwepheshe aphindaphindekayo okuthuthukiswa kwamandla avuselelekayo kulo lonke elaseMpumalanga Ephakathi.
Izinselele Zothuli Nezidingo Zokuhlanza Embonini ye-PV yaseSaudi Arabia
I-Saudi Arabia inezinsiza zamandla elanga akhethekile, amahora okukhanya kwelanga minyaka yonke adlula ku-3,000 kanye namandla esizukulwane se-PV afinyelela ku-2,200 TWh/ngonyaka, okuyenza ibe ngesinye sezifunda ezithembisa kakhulu emhlabeni jikelele ekuthuthukisweni kwe-PV. Iqhutshwa isu likazwelonke le-“Vision 2030”, i-Saudi Arabia isheshisa ukuthunyelwa kwamandla avuselelekayo, iqondise ku-58.7 GW womthamo ovuselelekayo ngo-2030, nge-solar PV accounting yesabelo esikhulu.
Ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi kwezinye izingxenye zeNhlonhlo Yase-Arabia, amaphaneli e-PV angalahlekelwa ugesi ongu-0.4–0.8% wansuku zonke ngenxa yokungcoliswa kothuli, nokulahlekelwa okungase kube ngaphezu kwama-60% phakathi neziphepho zesihlabathi ezinamandla. Lokhu kwehla kokusebenza kahle kuthinta ngqo imbuyiselo yezomnotho yezitshalo ze-PV, okwenza ukuhlanza amamojula kube ingxenye eyinhloko yokulungiswa kwe-desert PV. Uthuli luthinta amaphaneli e-PV ngokusebenzisa izindlela ezintathu eziyinhloko: okokuqala, izinhlayiya zothuli zivimbela ukukhanya kwelanga, ukunciphisa ukumuncwa kwe-photon ngamaseli elanga; okwesibili, izingqimba zothuli zakha izithiyo ezishisayo, ukwanda kwamazinga okushisa amamojula kanye nokunciphisa ukusebenza kahle kokuguqulwa; futhi okwesithathu, izingxenye ezibolayo othulini oluthile zingabangela umonakalo wesikhathi eside endaweni yengilazi namafreyimu ensimbi.
Izimo zezulu zaseSaudi Arabia eziyingqayizivele ziyayikhulisa le nkinga. Isifunda esisogwini loLwandle Olubomvu entshonalanga ye-Saudi Arabia ayitholi nje uthuli olusindayo kuphela kodwa nomoya onosawoti omningi, okuholela ekuhlanganiseni okunamathelayo kothuli lukasawoti ezindaweni zemojuli. Isifunda esisempumalanga sibhekene nezivunguvungu zesihlabathi ezivamile ezingafaka izendlalelo zothuli oluwugqinsi kumaphaneli e-PV esikhathini esifushane. Ukwengeza, iSaudi Arabia ihlushwa ukushoda kwamanzi ngokwedlulele, njengoba u-70% wamanzi aphuzwayo encike ekukhishweni kukasawoti emanzini, okwenza izindlela zokugeza zezandla zibiza kakhulu futhi zingakwazi ukusimama. Lezi zici ngokuhlangene zidala isidingo esiphuthumayo sezixazululo ezizenzakalelayo zokuhlanza i-PV ezisebenza ngamanzi.
Ithebula: Ukuqhathaniswa Kwezici Zokungcoliswa Kwephaneli ye-PV Ezifundeni Ezihlukene zaseSaudi
| Isifunda | Izingcolisi Eziyinhloko | Izimpawu Zokungcolisa | Izinselele Zokuhlanza |
|---|---|---|---|
| Red Sea Coast | Isihlabathi esihle + usawoti | Inamathela kakhulu, iyagqwala | Idinga izinto ezimelana nokugqwala, ukuhlanzwa njalo |
| I-Central Desert | Izinhlayiya zesihlabathi esimahhadla | Ukuqoqwa okusheshayo, ukumbozwa okukhulu | Idinga ukuhlanzwa kwamandla aphezulu, idizayini engagugi |
| I-Eastern Industrial Zone | Uthuli lwezimboni + isihlabathi | Ukwakheka okuyinkimbinkimbi, okunzima ukukususa | Idinga ukuhlanzwa okusebenzayo, ukumelana namakhemikhali |
Ikhuluma naleli phuzu lobuhlungu bemboni, imakethe ye-PV yaseSaudi Arabia iyashintsha isuka ekuhlanzeni okwenziwa ngesandla iye ekuhlanzeni okuzenzakalelayo okuhlakaniphile. Izindlela zendabuko zemanuwali zibonisa imikhawulo ecacile e-Saudi Arabia: ngakolunye uhlangothi, izindawo ezikude eziwugwadule zenza izindleko zabasebenzi zibe phezulu ngendlela engafanele; ngakolunye, ukushoda kwamanzi kuvimbela ukusetshenziswa okukhulu kokugeza okunomfutho ophezulu. Izilinganiso zibonisa ukuthi ezitshalweni ezikude, izindleko zokuhlanza ngesandla zingafinyelela ku-$ 12,000 i-MW ngayinye ngonyaka, nokusetshenziswa kwamanzi okuphezulu okungqubuzana namasu okulondoloza amanzi aseSaudi. Ngokuphambene, amarobhothi okuhlanza azenzakalelayo abonisa izinzuzo ezibalulekile, onga ngaphezu kuka-90% wezindleko zabasebenzi kuyilapho ethuthukisa ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi ngokulawula okunembile kokuhlanza imvamisa namandla.
Uhulumeni waseSaudi kanye nemboni ezimele bayakubona ukubaluleka kobuchwepheshe bokuhlanza ngobuhlakani, okukhuthaza ngokusobala izixazululo ezizenzakalelayo kuHlelo Lukazwelonke Lwamandla Avuselelekayo (NREP). Lesi siqondiso senqubomgomo sisheshise ukwamukelwa kwamarobhothi okuhlanza ezimakethe zaseSaudi PV. Izinkampani zobuchwepheshe zaseShayina, ezinemikhiqizo yazo evuthiwe kanye nolwazi olunzulu lokusebenzisa ugwadule, seziphenduke abahlinzeki abahamba phambili emakethe yokuhlanza i-PV yaseSaudi Arabia. Isibonelo, i-Renoglean Technology, umlingani we-ecosystem we-Sungrow, ithole ngaphezulu kwe-13 GW yama-oda amarobhothi okuhlanza eMpumalanga Ephakathi, evela njengomholi wemakethe eSaudi Arabia ngezisombululo zokuhlanza ezihlakaniphile.
Ngokombono wokuthuthukiswa kwezobuchwepheshe, imakethe yokuhlanza i-PV yase-Saudi Arabia ibonisa izitayela ezintathu ezicacile: okokuqala, ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kusuka ekuhlanzweni komsebenzi owodwa kuya emisebenzini edidiyelwe, ngamarobhothi aqhubeka ehlanganisa amakhono okuhlola kanye nokukwazi ukubona indawo eshisayo; okwesibili, ukugudluka ekuxazululeni izixazululo ezivela kwamanye amazwe ukuya ekuzivumelaniseni nezimo zendawo, ngemikhiqizo eyenziwe ngokwezifiso zesimo sezulu saseSaudi; futhi okwesithathu, ukuqhubekela phambili kusuka ekusebenzeni okuzimele kuya ekusebenzisaneni kwesistimu, ukuhlanganisa ngokujulile nezinhlelo zokulandelela kanye nezinkundla ezihlakaniphile ze-O&M. Lawa mathrendi ngokuhlangene aqhubela ukunakekelwa kwe-Saudi PV ekuthuthukisweni okukhaliphile nangempumelelo, okuhlinzeka ngesiqiniseko sobuchwepheshe sokuzuza okuhlosiwe kwamandla avuselelekayo ngaphansi kokuthi “Umbono 2030.”
Izici Zobuchwepheshe Nokubunjwa Kwesistimu Ye-PV Cleaning Robots
Amarobhothi okuhlanza ahlakaniphile e-PV, njengezixazululo zobuchwepheshe zezindawo zasogwadule zaseSaudi, ahlanganisa izinto ezintsha kubo bonke ubunjiniyela bemishini, isayensi yezinto zokwakha, kanye nobuchwepheshe be-IoT. Uma kuqhathaniswa nezindlela zokuhlanza ezivamile, izinhlelo zesimanje zamarobhothi zibonisa izinzuzo ezibalulekile zobuchwepheshe, ngemiklamo ewumongo ezungeza imigomo emine: ukususwa kothuli okuphumelelayo, ukongiwa kwamanzi, ukulawula okuhlakaniphile, nokwethembeka. Ngaphansi kwesimo sezulu esibi kakhulu sasogwadule sase-Saudi Arabia, lezi zici zibonakala zibucayi kakhulu, ezithinta ngokuqondile izindleko zokunakekela zesikhathi eside kanye nemali engenayo yokuphehla ugesi.
Ngokombono wemishini, amarobhothi okuhlanza emakethe yaseSaudi awela ikakhulukazi ezigabeni ezimbili: agibele isitimela futhi azishayelayo. Amarobhothi agibele ngojantshi ngokuvamile agxilwa kuzisekelo ze-PV, afinyelela ukumbozwa okugcwele kwendawo ngojantshi noma amasistimu amakhebula—alungele izitshalo ezinkulu ezigibele phansi. Amarobhothi azihambelayo anikeza ukuhamba okukhulu, alungele i-PV yophahla olusabalalisiwe noma indawo eyinkimbinkimbi. Kumamojula we-bifacial kanye nezinhlelo zokulandela umkhondo ezisetshenziswa kakhulu e-Saudi Arabia, abakhiqizi abaholayo abafana ne-Renoglean baye basungula amarobhothi akhethekile aqukethe "ubuchwepheshe bebhuloho" eliyingqayizivele elivumela ukuxhumana okunamandla phakathi kwezinhlelo zokuhlanza nezindlela zokulandela umkhondo, okuqinisekisa ukuhlanza okuphumelelayo ngisho nalapho ama-array elungisa ama-engeli.
Izingxenye ezibalulekile zezindlela zokuhlanza zihlanganisa amabhulashi ajikelezayo, izinto zokususa uthuli, amasistimu okushayela, namayunithi okulawula. Izimfuno zemakethe zaseSaudi ziqhubekisele phambili ukuqamba okusha kulezi zingxenye: amabhulashi ayinhlanganisela ye-ultra-fine kanye ne-carbon-fiber asusa kahle uthuli lukasawoti olunamathelayo ngaphandle kokuklwebha izindawo zemojuli; ama-self-lubricating bearings kanye nama-motor avaliwe aqinisekisa ukwethembeka kwesikhathi eside ezindaweni ezinesihlabathi; izifutha komoya ezihlanganisiwe ezinengcindezi ephezulu zibhekana nokungcola okunenkani kuyilapho zinciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi. Imodeli ye-PR200 ka-Renoglean ihlanganisa ngisho nesistimu yebhulashi “yokuzihlanza” esusa ngokuzenzakalelayo uthuli olunqwabelene ngesikhathi sokusebenza, igcine ukusebenza kokuhlanza okungaguquki.
- Ukususwa Kwezintuli Okuphumelelayo: Ukusebenza kahle kokuhlanza >99.5%, isivinini sokusebenza 15–20 amamitha/ngomzuzu
- Ukulawula Okuhlakaniphile: Isekela ukuqapha okukude kwe-IoT, imvamisa yokuhlanza ehlelekayo kanye nezindlela
- Ukuzijwayeza kwemvelo: Ibanga lokushisa elisebenzayo -30°C kuya ku-70°C, isilinganiso sokuvikela se-IP68
- Umklamo Wokonga Amanzi: Ikakhulukazi ukuhlanza okomile, inkungu encane yamanzi ongayikhetha, kusetshenziswa u-<10% wamanzi okuhlanza ngesandla
- Ukuvumelana Okuphezulu: Ijwayela kumamojula we-mono/bifacial, ama-tracker e-single-axis, namasistimu ahlukahlukene wokukhweza
Amasistimu weDrayivu namandla ahlinzeka ngokusebenza okuthembekile. Ukukhanya kwelanga okuchichimayo eSaudi Arabia kunikeza izimo ezifanele zamarobhothi okuhlanza asebenzisa amandla elanga. Amamodeli amaningi asebenzisa amasistimu amandla akabili ahlanganisa amaphaneli e-PV asebenza kahle kakhulu namabhethri e-lithium, aqinisekisa ukusebenza ngezinsuku eziguqubele. Ngokuphawulekayo, ukuze kubhekwane nokushisa okudlulele kwehlobo, abakhiqizi abaholayo bathuthukise amasistimu okulawula ukushisa kwebhethri ahlukile besebenzisa izinto zokushintsha isigaba kanye nokupholisa okusebenzayo ukuze kugcinwe amazinga okushisa okusebenza aphephile, okunweba kakhulu impilo yebhethri. Kumamotho okushayela, ama-brushless DC motors (BLDC) ancanyelwa ukusebenza kahle kwawo okuphezulu kanye nokulungiswa okuphansi, asebenzisana nezinciphisi ezinembayo ukuletha ukudonsa okwanele endaweni enesihlabathi.
Amasistimu okulawula ahlakaniphile asebenza “njengobuchopho” berobhothi futhi amelela ukuhlukaniswa kwezobuchwepheshe okuhluke kakhulu. Amarobhothi okuhlanza esimanje ngokuvamile afaka izinzwa eziningi zemvelo eziqapha ukunqwabelana kothuli, izimo zezulu, nezinga lokushisa lemojuli ngesikhathi sangempela. Ama-algorithms e-AI ashintsha ngokuguquguqukayo amasu okuhlanza ngokusekelwe kule datha, asuke ekuhlanzweni okuhleliwe aye ekuhlanzweni okudingeka kakhulu. Isibonelo, ukuqinisa ukuhlanza ngaphambi kweziphepho zesihlabathi ngenkathi kunwetshwa izikhawu ngemva kwemvula. “I-Cloud Communication Control System” ye-Renoglean iphinde isekele ukusebenzisana kwamarobhothi amaningi ezingeni lezitshalo, igwema ukuphazamiseka kokuphehla amandla okungadingekile emisebenzini yokuhlanza. Lezi zici ezihlakaniphile zenza amarobhothi okuhlanza akwazi ukugcina ukusebenza kahle naphezu kwesimo sezulu esishintshashintshayo saseSaudi Arabia.
Ukwakhiwa kwenethiwekhi yokuxhumana nokuphathwa kwedatha nakho kuthuthukiselwe izimo zaseSaudi. Uma kubhekwa izindawo eziningi ezikude zezitshalo ezinkulu ze-PV ezinengqalasizinda embi, amasistimu amarobhothi okuhlanza asebenzisa inethiwekhi eyingxubevange: ibanga elifushane nge-LoRa noma i-Zigbee mesh, ibanga elide nge-4G/satellite. Ngokuvikeleka kwedatha, amasistimu asekela isitoreji esibethelwe sasendaweni kanye nekhophi yasenqolobaneni yamafu, ethobela imithetho yedatha eqinile yase-Saudi Arabia. Abasebenzisi bangaqapha wonke amarobhothi ngesikhathi sangempela ngezinhlelo zokusebenza zeselula noma izinkundla zewebhu, bathole izexwayiso zamaphutha, futhi balungise ukude imingcele—okuthuthukisa kakhulu ukusebenza kahle kokuphatha.
Ukuze idizayini iqine, amarobhothi okuhlanza enziwe athuthukiswe ngokukhethekile kusukela ekukhethweni kwezinto kuya ekwelapheni okungaphezulu endaweni yase-Saudi Arabia enezinga eliphezulu lokushisa, umswakama ophezulu, kanye nezindawo ezinosawoti omningi. Amafreyimu e-aluminium alloy athola i-anodization, izixhumi ezibalulekile zisebenzisa insimbi engagqwali ukuze zimelane nokugqwala kukasawoti ogwini lolwandle; zonke izingxenye ze-elekthronikhi zihlangabezana nezindinganiso zokuvikela izimboni ngokuvaleka okuhle kakhulu ekungeneni kwesihlabathi; amathrekhi enjoloba akhiwe ngokukhethekile noma amathayi agcina ukunwebeka ekushiseni okukhulu, avimbele ukuguga kwezinto ezibonakalayo ekushintsheni kwezinga lokushisa lasogwadule. Le miklamo yenza amarobhothi okuhlanza afinyelele isikhathi esimaphakathi phakathi kokuhluleka (i-MTBF) esidlula amahora angu-10,000 ezimweni ezinzima zaseSaudi, okunciphisa kakhulu izindleko zokulungisa umjikelezo wokuphila.
Ukusetshenziswa ngempumelelo kwamarobhothi okuhlanza e-PV e-Saudi Arabia futhi kuncike ezinhlelweni zesevisi zasendaweni. Abakhiqizi abahamba phambili njenge-Renoglean basungule izindawo zokugcina izinto eziyisipele nezikhungo zokuqeqesha ezobuchwepheshe e-Saudi Arabia, bahlakulela amaqembu okulungisa endawo ukuze aphendule ngokushesha. Ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nemikhuba yamasiko yaseSaudi, ukuxhumana nemibhalo kuyatholakala ngesi-Arabhu, namashejuli okunakekela alungiselelwe amaholide amaSulumane. Leli su elijulile lendawo aligcini nje ngokuthuthukisa ukwaneliseka kwamakhasimende kodwa futhi libeka isisekelo esiqinile sokwanda okuqhubekayo kobuchwepheshe bokuhlanza okuhlakaniphile base-China ezimakethe zaseMpumalanga Ephakathi.
Ngokuthuthuka kwe-AI ne-IoT, amarobhothi okuhlanza e-PV avela kumathuluzi okuhlanza alula abe yizindawo ezihlakaniphile ze-O&M. Imikhiqizo yesizukulwane esisha manje ihlanganisa imishini yokuxilonga njengamakhamera we-imaging ashisayo kanye ne-IV curve scanners, yenza ukuhlolwa kwezempilo okuyingxenye ngesikhathi sokuhlanza; ama-algorithms wokufunda komshini ahlaziya idatha yokuhlanza yesikhathi eside ukuze abikezele amaphethini okunqwabelana kothuli kanye nokuwohloka kokusebenza kwemojuli. Le misebenzi eyandisiwe iphakamisa indima yamarobhothi okuhlanza ezitshalweni ze-Saudi PV, kancane kancane iwashintsha esuka ezikhungweni zezindleko abe abadali benani abaletha izinzuzo ezengeziwe kubatshalizimali bezitshalo.
Ikesi Lokufaka Isicelo Lokuhlanza Okuhlakaniphile e-Red Sea Coastal PV Plant
Iphrojekthi ye-PV yoLwandle Olubomvu engu-400 MW, njengendawo yokutshala amandla elanga enkulu e-Saudi Arabia, ibhekane nezinselelo ezijwayelekile ezinosawoti omningi, ezinomswakama ophezulu wendawo, yaba yingqophamlando yobuchwepheshe bokuhlanza okuhlakaniphile baseShayina eSaudi Arabia. Ithuthukiswe yi-ACWA Power, le phrojekthi iyingxenye eyinhloko yezinhlelo zamandla avuselelekayo aseSaudi “Vision 2030”. Indawo yayo inezimo zezulu ezihluke kakhulu: isilinganiso samazinga okushisa onyaka adlula u-30°C, umswakama ohlobene udlula u-60% ngokuqhubekayo, futhi umoya onosawoti wakha kalula iziqweqwe zothuli lukasawoti ezinenkani kanye nezindlela zokuhlanza ezivamile ze-PV.
Ukubhekana nalezi zinselele, iphrojekthi ekugcineni yamukela isisombululo sokuhlanza ngokwezifiso sika-Renoglean esisekelwe ku-PR-series PV yokuhlanza amarobhothi, ehlanganisa ukuthuthukiswa okuningi kwezobuchwepheshe ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezinosawoti ophezulu: amafreyimu we-titanium alloy ukumelana nokugqwala nama-bearings avaliwe avimbela ukulimala kukasawoti ezingxenyeni ezibucayi; imicu yebhulashi ephathwe ngokukhethekile igwema ukukhangisa kwezinhlayiya zikasawoti kanye nokungcoliswa kwesibili ngesikhathi sokuhlanza; amasistimu okulawula engeze izinzwa zomswakama ukuze alungise ngokuzenzakalelayo ukushuba kokuhlanza ngaphansi komswakamo ophezulu ukuze uthole imiphumela emihle. Ngokuphawulekayo, amarobhothi okuhlanza ale phrojekthi athole isitifiketi sokulwa nokugqwala emhlabeni jikelele kwemboni ye-PV, emele isisombululo sokuhlanza saseMpumalanga Ephakathi ngaleso sikhathi.
Ukuthunyelwa kwesistimu yokuhlanza yephrojekthi yoLwandle Olubomvu kubonise ukuguquguquka okukhethekile kobunjiniyela. Izisekelo ezithambile zasogwini zidale ukungalingani kwezinye izintaba, okuholela ekuphambukeni komzila wesitimela ofika ku-±15 cm. Ithimba lezobuchwepheshe lika-Renoglean lenze amasistimu okumiswa aguquguqukayo avumela amarobhothi okuhlanza ukuthi asebenze kahle kuwo wonke lo mehluko wobude, okuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuhlanza kuhlala kungaphazanyiswa indawo. Isistimu iphinde yamukela imiklamo ye-modular, enamayunithi erobhothi elilodwa elimboza cishe izigaba zamamitha ayi-100—amayunithi angasebenza ngokuzimela noma axhumanise ngokulawula okumaphakathi kokuphatha okusebenzayo kwesitshalo sonke. Lesi sakhiwo esivumelana nezimo kusize kakhulu ukunwetshwa okuzayo, okuvumela umthamo wesistimu yokuhlanza ukuthi ukhule eduze nomthamo wezitshalo.
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