I-Saudi Arabia, inkampani enamandla emhlabeni wonke kanye nomnotho oguqukayo ngaphansi kohlelo lwayo lwe-“Vision 2030”, igcizelela kakhulu ukuphepha, ukusebenza kahle, kanye nokuvikelwa kwemvelo ngaphakathi kwemikhakha yayo yezimboni. Kulesi simo, izinzwa zegesi zisebenza njengobuchwepheshe obubalulekile bokuqapha imvelo, ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha, kanye nokulawula izinqubo. Lo mbhalo unikeza ukuhlaziywa okujulile kwamacala okusetshenziswa kanye nezimo ezithile zezinzwa zegesi kuzo zonke izimboni ezibalulekile eSaudi Arabia.
I. Abashayeli Ababalulekile Bokufaka Isicelo
- Ukuphepha Kuqala: Izimboni ezinkulu zikawoyela, igesi, kanye ne-petrochemical zaseSaudi Arabia zisingatha inani elikhulu lamagesi avuthayo, aqhumayo, kanye nanobuthi. Ukuvuza kwegesi kuyisici esiyinhloko esiyingozi somlilo, ukuqhuma, kanye noshevu kwabasebenzi. Ukuqapha igesi ngesikhathi sangempela nangokunembile kuyindlela ebalulekile yokuvimbela izinhlekelele.
- Ukuthobela Imithetho Yezemvelo: Njengoba kugxilwe kakhulu emhlabeni wonke ekusimeni, uMnyango Wezemvelo, Amanzi Nezolimo waseSaudi (MEWA) usebenzise amazinga aqinile okukhishwa kwegesi. Izinzwa zegesi zingamathuluzi abalulekile okuqapha amagesi okushisa (isb., CH₄), ukungcola okunobuthi (isb., SO₂, NOx), kanye nama-Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) ukuqinisekisa ukuthobela imithetho.
- Ukuthuthukiswa Kwezinqubo Nokuvikelwa Kwempahla: Ezinqubweni zezimboni, ukugcwala kwamagesi athile kuthinta ngqo ukusebenza kahle kanye nekhwalithi yomkhiqizo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amagesi agqwalisayo njenge-Hydrogen Sulfide (H₂S) angabangela umonakalo omkhulu kumapayipi kanye nemishini. Ukuqapha la magesi kuthuthukisa ukukhiqizwa, kwandise isikhathi sokuphila kwempahla, futhi kunciphisa izindleko zokulungisa.
- Impilo Yomsebenzi: Ezindaweni ezivalekile (isb., imishini yokubhoboza, amathangi okugcina, izitshalo zamanzi angcolile), ukuntuleka komoya-mpilo noma ukunqwabelana kwamagesi ayingozi kubangela usongo olubulalayo kubasebenzi. Izinzwa zegesi eziphathekayo neziqinile zinikeza isixwayiso esibalulekile kusenesikhathi.
II. Izimo Ezibalulekile Zokusetshenziswa Kwezimboni kanye Nezifundo Zezimo
1. Imboni Kawoyela Negesi
Lona umkhakha obanzi kakhulu futhi odinga kakhulu ukusetshenziswa kwezinzwa zegesi eSaudi Arabia.
- Ukuhlola Nokukhiqiza Okuphezulu:
- Isimo: Imishini yokubhoboza, imithombo yamanzi, iziteshi zokubuthela.
- Amagesi Aqashwe: Amagesi Avuthayo (LEL – Umkhawulo Ophansi Wokuqhuma), i-Hydrogen Sulfide (H₂S), i-Carbon Monoxide (CO), i-Sulfur Dioxide (SO₂), i-Oxygen (O₂).
- Ucwaningo Lwesibonelo: Ensimini kawoyela yaseGhawar eSifundazweni SaseMpumalanga, kufakwa izinkulungwane zemishini yokuthola igesi eqinile ezindaweni zomthombo kanye nasezinhlanganweni zamapayipi, okwenza inethiwekhi yokuqapha ebanzi. Uma kutholakala ukuvuza kwe-methane (CH₄) ngaphezu komkhawulo ohleliwe (ngokuvamile okungu-20-25% LEL), uhlelo luqala ngokushesha ama-alamu azwakalayo nabonakalayo, luvule ngokuzenzakalelayo uhlelo lwe-Emergency Shutdown (ESD) ukuze luhlukanise ukuvuza, futhi ludlulisele idatha egumbini lokulawula eliphakathi ukuze kuphendulwe isimo esiphuthumayo. Ukuqapha i-H₂S enobuthi obukhulu kudinga ukunemba okukhulu (ngokuvamile emazingeni e-ppm) ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha kwabasebenzi.
- Ukuhluzwa Okuphakathi Nokuphansi:
- Isimo: Izindawo zokuhluza, izitshalo ze-petrochemical, amapayipi, izindawo zokugcina izinto.
- Amagesi Aqashwe: Ngaphezu kwalokhu okungenhla, kubhekwa ama-Volatile Organic Compounds (ama-VOC) (isb., i-Benzene, i-Toluene), i-Ammonia (NH₃), kanye ne-Chlorine (Cl₂).
- Ucwaningo Lwesibonelo: Ngaphakathi kwezindawo ezinkulu ze-petrochemical eJubail noma eYanbu, izinhlelo zokuqapha igesi ezinamazinga amaningi zisetshenziswa eduze kwamayunithi okuqhekeka kwe-catalytic kanye nokwelapha ngamanzi. Isibonelo, emapulazini amathangi, izinzwa ze-Open-Path Infrared (IR) zakha "ucingo lwe-elekthronikhi" olungabonakali ukuze kutholakale ukukhishwa okusabalele kwe-VOC, kuvinjwe umoya oqhumayo futhi kuqinisekiswe ukulandelwa kwemvelo. Emngceleni wesitshalo, abahlaziyi be-SO₂ bahlinzeka ngedatha yokukhishwa okuqhubekayo ukuqinisekisa ukunamathela emithethweni ye-MEWA.
2. Izinsiza kanye Nokukhiqiza Ugesi
- Isimo: Izitshalo zikagesi (ikakhulukazi izikhungo ze-turbine yegesi), iziteshi ezincane, izitshalo zokuhlanza amanzi angcolile.
- Amagesi Aqashwe: Amagesi avuthayo (CH₄), i-Hydrogen (H₂) (yokupholisa ijenereyitha), i-Ozone (O₃), i-Chlorine (Cl₂) (yokwelapha amanzi), i-Hydrogen Sulfide (H₂S) (ekhiqizwa ezindaweni zokulahla indle kanye nezinqubo zokuhlanza).
- Ucwaningo Lwesibonelo: Esiteshini esikhulu sikagesi eRiyadh, izinzwa ze-catalytic bead noma ze-IR zisetshenziswa kakhulu ukuqapha ukuvuza kwe-methane emahholo e-turbine naseziteshini zokulawula igesi yemvelo. Okwamanje, emihubheni yekhebula nasezindlini ezingaphansi komhlaba, izinzwa eziqinile zivimbela ukuqhuma okuvela kumagesi avuthayo akhiqizwa ukushisa ngokweqile kwemishini kagesi. Esiteshini samanzi amdaka esiseduze, abasebenzi kumele basebenzise izinzwa eziphathwayo ezinegesi eningi ukuhlola amazinga aphephile e-O₂, LEL, H₂S, kanye ne-CO ngaphambi kokungena ezindaweni ezivalekile njengamathangi okuthuthwa kwendle, belandela ngokuqinile izinqubo zokungena.
3. Ingqalasizinda Yezakhiwo Neyasemadolobheni
- Isimo: Amagaraji okupaka, imigudu, izitolo ezinkulu, amalabhorethri ezibhedlela.
- Amagesi Aqashwe: I-Carbon Monoxide (CO), i-Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) (ngokuyinhloko evela emsipheni wemoto).
- Ucwaningo Lwesibonelo: Ezindaweni ezinkulu zokupaka ngaphansi komhlaba eRiyadh noma eJeddah, izinhlelo zokungenisa umoya zivame ukuvalelwa ngezinzwa ze-CO. Lapho amazinga enyuka afinyelela ezingeni elinqunyiwe (isb., 50 ppm), izinzwa zivula ngokuzenzakalelayo amafeni okukhipha umoya ukuze alethe umoya omusha kuze kube yilapho amazinga aphephile ebuyiselwa, okuvikela impilo yamakhasimende nabasebenzi.
4. Izimayini kanye ne-Metallurgical
- Isimo: Izimayini ze-phosphate, izimayini zegolide, izincibilikisi.
- Amagesi Aqashwe: Ngaphandle kwamagesi anobuthi ajwayelekile navuthayo, amagesi aqondene nenqubo ethile njenge-Phosphine (PH₃) kanye ne-Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN) adinga ukuqapha.
- Ucwaningo Lwesibonelo: Edolobheni lezimboni laseWa'ad Al-Shamal phosphate, inqubo yokukhiqiza umanyolo ingakhiqiza i-PH₃. Izinzwa ze-PH₃ ze-electrochemical noma ze-semiconductor ezifakwe ezindaweni zokucubungula nasezindaweni zokugcina zinikeza ukutholakala kokuvuza kusenesikhathi, okuvimbela ukuchayeka kwabasebenzi.
III. Izitayela Zobuchwepheshe kanye Nombono Wesikhathi Esizayo
Izicelo zokuzwa igesi eSaudi Arabia ziyathuthuka ziye ekuhlakanipheni nasekuhlanganiseni okukhulu:
- IoT kanye neDijithali: Izinzwa ziyashintsha kusuka kumayunithi e-alamu azimele ziye kuma-node edatha axhunyiwe. Kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe obungenantambo njenge-LoRaWAN kanye ne-4G/5G, idatha idluliselwa ngesikhathi sangempela kumapulatifomu amafu ukuze kuqashwe kude, kuhlaziywe idatha enkulu, kanye nokugcinwa kokubikezela.
- Ukuhlolwa kwe-UAV kanye neRobotic: Ezindaweni ezinkulu noma eziyingozi (isb., amapayipi akude, ama-stack amade), ama-drone ahlonyiswe ngezinzwa ezifana ne-laser methane detectors enza ukuhlolwa okuphumelelayo nokuphephile, ekhomba ngokushesha izindawo ezivuzayo.
- Ubuchwepheshe Bokuzwa Okuthuthukisiwe: Ubuchwepheshe obunembe kakhulu, obukhethayo njenge-Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy (TDLAS) kanye ne-Photoionization Detectors (PID for VOCs) buyasetshenziswa kakhulu ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezindinganiso zemvelo nezokuphepha eziqinile.
- Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-AI: Ama-algorithm e-AI angahlaziya amaphethini edatha yezinzwa ukuze ahlukanise izinsongo zangempela kuma-alamu angamanga (isb., ama-alamu abangelwa ukukhishwa kwedizili) futhi abikezele ukwehluleka kwemishini okungenzeka noma izitayela zokuvuza.
Isiphetho
Ngaphansi kwe-“Vision 2030” yaseSaudi Arabia, eqhuba ukuhlukahluka komnotho kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwezimboni, izinzwa zegesi ziye zaba abaqaphi ababalulekile bokuphepha kwezimboni zayo eziyinhloko kanye nokufezwa kwentuthuko eluhlaza neqhubekayo. Kusukela emasimini amakhulu kawoyela kuya emadolobheni anamuhla, laba balindi abangabonakali basebenza amahora angama-24 ngosuku, izinsuku eziyi-7 ngesonto, bevikela abasebenzi, bevikela imvelo, futhi bethuthukisa ukukhiqizwa. Bakha isisekelo esibalulekile sekusasa lemboni yaseSaudi, futhi ngokungangabazeki ukusetshenziswa kwabo kuzoqhubeka nokukhula ngokujulile nangobubanzi njengoba ubuchwepheshe buthuthuka.
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