I-Saudi Arabia, isizinda samandla samandla emhlabeni wonke kanye nomnotho oguqukayo ngaphansi kohlelo lwawo lwe-“Vision 2030″, igcizelela ngendlela engakaze ibonwe ngaphambili kwezokuphepha, ukusebenza kahle, nokuvikelwa kwemvelo kuyo yonke imikhakha yezimboni zayo. Kulo mongo, izinzwa zegesi zisebenza njengobuchwepheshe obubalulekile bokuqapha indawo ezungezile, isiqiniseko sokuphepha, nokulawula inqubo. Lo mbhalo uhlinzeka ngohlaziyo olujulile lwezinzwa zohlelo lokusebenza kanye nokuhlaziya okujulile kwezinzwa zegesi. izimboni eSaudi Arabia.
I. Abashayeli Ababalulekile Bokufaka Isicelo
- Ukuphepha Okokuqala: Izimboni ezinkulu zikawoyela, igesi, kanye ne-petrochemical zase-Saudi Arabia zisingatha amavolumu abalulekile amagesi avuthayo, aqhumayo, namagesi anobuthi. Ukuvuza kwegesi kuyisici esiyinhloko sengozi yomlilo, ukuqhuma, kanye nobuthi bezisebenzi. Isikhathi sangempela, ukuqapha igesi okunembile kuwumzila obalulekile wokuvikela izinhlekelele.
- Ukuthobela Imvelo: Ngokugxila okukhulayo emhlabeni jikelele ekuzinzeni, uMnyango Wezemvelo, Amanzi Nezolimo waseSaudi (i-MEWA) usebenzise izindinganiso eziqinile zokukhipha umoya. Izinzwa zegesi zingamathuluzi abalulekile okuqapha amagesi abamba ukushisa (isb, CH₄), ukungcola okunobuthi (isb, SO₂, NOx), kanye nama-Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthobela imithetho.
- Ukuthuthukiswa Kwenqubo Nokuvikelwa Kwempahla: Ezinqubweni zezimboni, ukugxiliswa kwamagesi athile kuthinta ngokuqondile ukusebenza kahle kanye nekhwalithi yomkhiqizo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amagesi agqwalayo njenge-Hydrogen Sulfidi (H₂S) angabangela umonakalo omkhulu kumapayipi namathuluzi. Ukuqapha lawa magesi kuthuthukisa ukukhiqizwa, kunweba ubude besikhathi sempahla, futhi kunciphisa izindleko zokuyilungisa.
- Impilo Yasemsebenzini: Ezindaweni ezivalekile (isb., izinsimbi zokumba, amathangi okugcina, izitshalo zamanzi angcolile), ukuntuleka komoyampilo noma ukunqwabelana kwamagesi ayingozi kubangela usongo olubulalayo kubasebenzi. Izinzwa zegesi eziphathwayo nezigxilile zinikeza isexwayiso sangaphambi kwesikhathi esibalulekile.
II. Izimo Ezibalulekile Zokusebenza Kwezimboni kanye Nezimo Ezifundwayo
1. Imboni Kawoyela Negesi
Lona umkhakha obanzi futhi odinga kakhulu wezicelo zezinzwa zegesi eSaudi Arabia.
- Ukuhlola nokukhiqiza okuphezulu:
- Isimo: Imishini yokumba, imithombo yamanzi, iziteshi zokuqoqa.
- Amagesi Aqashwayo: Amagesi avuthayo (LEL - Lower Explosive Limit), Hydrogen Sulfidi (H₂S), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Sulfur Dioxide (SO₂), Oxygen (O₂).
- Isifundo Esiyisibonelo: Esizindeni sikawoyela saseGhawar esiFundazweni saseMpumalanga, izinkulungwane zezinto ezibona igesi ezingaguquki zifakwa ezindaweni ezihlala imithombo yamanzi nasezimpambanweni zamapayipi, zakha inethiwekhi yokuqapha eminyene. Uma ukuvuza kwe-methane (CH₄) kutholwa ngaphezu komkhawulo omisiwe (ngokuvamile u-20-25% LEL), isistimu ngokushesha icupha ama-alamu azwakalayo nabonakalayo, ivule ngokuzenzakalelayo isistimu yokuvala i-Emergency Shutdown (ESD) ukuze ihlukanise ukuvuza, futhi idlulisele idatha egunjini lokulawula elimaphakathi ukuze kuphenduleke isimo esiphuthumayo. Ukuqapha i-H₂S enobuthi obuphezulu kudinga ukunemba ngokwedlulele (ngokuvamile kumazinga we-ppm) ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuphepha kwabasebenzi.
- I-Midstream & Downstream Refining:
- Isimo: Izindawo zokuhluza, izitshalo ze-petrochemical, amapayipi, izindawo zamathangi okugcina.
- Amagesi Aqashwayo: Ngaphezu kwalokhu okungenhla, ama-Volatile Organic Compounds (ama-VOC) (isb, i-Benzene, i-Toluene), i-ammonia (NH₃), ne-Chlorine (Cl₂) ayagadwa.
- I-Case Study: Ezindaweni ezinkulu ze-petrochemical e-Jubail noma e-Yanbu, amasistimu okuqapha igesi anezitezi eziningi asetshenziswa ezindaweni zokuqhekeka kwe-catalytic kanye ne-hydrotreating. Isibonelo, emapulazini amathangi, izinzwa ze-Open-Path Infrared (IR) zenza "ucingo lwe-elekthronikhi" olungabonakali ukuze zithole ukukhishwa okusabalele kwe-VOC okusabalele, ukuvimbela umkhathi oqhumayo nokuqinisekisa ukuthotshelwa kwemvelo. Emaphethelweni esitshalo, abahlaziyi be-SO₂ bahlinzeka ngedatha eqhubekayo yokukhipha ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukulandelwa kwemithetho ye-MEWA.
2. Izinsiza Nokukhiqiza Amandla
- Isimo: Izitshalo zamandla (ikakhulukazi izindawo ze-turbine yegesi), iziteshi ezincane, izindawo zokuhlanza amanzi angcolile.
- Amagesi Aqashwayo: Amagesi avuthayo (CH₄), i-Hydrogen (H₂) (yokupholisa ijeneretha), i-Ozone (O₃), i-Chlorine (Cl₂) (yokuhlanza amanzi), i-Hydrogen Sulfide (H₂S) (ekhiqizwe ezindleleni nasezinkambisweni zokwelashwa).
- I-Case Study: Esiteshini samandla esikhulu e-Riyadh, ubuhlalu be-catalytic noma izinzwa ze-IR zisetshenziswa kakhulu ukuqapha ukuvuza kwe-methane emahholo ophephela kanye naseziteshini ezilawula igesi yemvelo. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, emhubheni wekhebula nasezindlini ezingaphansi, imitshina engaguquki ivimbela ukuqhuma kwamagesi avuthayo akhiqizwa ukushisa ngokweqile kwezinto zikagesi. Embonini yamanzi angcolile eseduze, abasebenzi kufanele basebenzise izitholi eziphathwayo ezinegesi eminingi ukuze bahlole amazinga aphephile e-O₂, LEL, H₂S, ne-CO ngaphambi kokungena ezindaweni ezivalekile njengamathangi okuthungatha, babambelele ngokuqinile ezinqubweni zokungena.
3. Isakhiwo kanye Nengqalasizinda Yasemadolobheni
- Isimo: Amagaraji okupaka, amahubhe, izitolo ezinkulu, amalabhorethri ezibhedlela.
- Amagesi Aqashwayo: I-Carbon Monoxide (CO), I-Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) (ikakhulukazi isuka ekukhishweni kwemoto).
- I-Case Study: Ezindaweni zokupaka ezinkulu ezingaphansi komhlaba e-Riyadh noma e-Jeddah, amasistimu okungenisa umoya ngokuvamile ahlanganiswe nezinzwa ze-CO. Uma ukugxila kukhuphukela ezingeni elinqunywe kusengaphambili (isb., 50 ppm), izinzwa zenza kusebenze izifeni ezikhipha umoya ukuze zingenise umoya omusha kuze kubuyiselwe amazinga aphephile, okuvikela impilo yabaxhasi nabasebenzi.
4. Izimayini & Metallurgy
- Isimo: Izimayini ze-Phosphate, izimayini zegolide, izincibilikisi.
- Amagesi Aqashwayo: Ngaphandle kwamagesi anobuthi ajwayelekile navuthayo, amagesi aqondene nenqubo ethile afana ne-Phosphine (PH₃) ne-Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN) adinga ukugadwa.
- I-Case Study: Edolobheni lezimboni le-Wa'ad Al-Shamal phosphate, inqubo yokukhiqiza umanyolo ingakhiqiza i-PH₃. Izinzwa ezizinikele ze-electrochemical noma ze-semiconductor PH₃ ezifakwe ezindaweni zenqubo nezindawo zokugcina zinikeza ukutholwa kokuvuza kusenesikhathi, kuvimbele ukuchayeka kwabasebenzi.
III. Amathrendi wezobuchwepheshe kanye ne-Future Outlook
Izicelo zokuzwa igesi eSaudi Arabia zithuthukela ekuhlakanipheni okukhulu nasekuhlanganisweni:
- I-IoT & Digitalization: Izinzwa ziyashintsha ukusuka kumayunithi e-alamu ezimele ukuya ezindaweni zedatha yenethiwekhi. Kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe obungenawaya obufana ne-LoRaWAN ne-4G/5G, idatha idluliselwa ngesikhathi sangempela ezisekelweni zamafu zokuqapha okukude, ukuhlaziya idatha enkulu, nokunakekelwa okubikezelwayo.
- Ukuhlolwa kwe-UAV & Robotic: Ezindaweni ezinkulu noma eziyingozi (isb., amapayipi akude, izitaki ezinde), ama-drones afakwe izinzwa ezinjenge-laser methane detectors enza ukuhlola okusebenzayo nokuphephile, ukukhomba ngokushesha izindawo ezivuzayo.
- Ubuchwepheshe Bokuzwa Okuthuthukile: Ukunemba okuphezulu, ubuchwepheshe obukhethiwe obufana ne-Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy (TDLAS) kanye ne-Photoionization Detectors (PID for VOCs) baya ngokuya bamukelwa ukuze bahlangabezane nezindinganiso eziqinile zemvelo nezokuphepha.
- Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-AI: Ama-algorithms e-AI angahlaziya amaphethini edatha yezinzwa ukuze ahlukanise izinsongo zangempela kuma-alamu amanga (isb, ama-alamu acushwe i-diesel exhaust) futhi abikezele ukwehluleka okungenzeka kwemishini noma amathrendi avuzayo.
Isiphetho
Ngaphansi kwe-“Vision 2030” yase-Saudi Arabia, eqhuba ukuhlukahluka komnotho nokuthuthukiswa kwezimboni, izinzwa zegesi seziphenduke abaqaphi ababalulekile ukuze kuphephe izimboni zayo eziyinhloko kanye nokuzuzwa kwentuthuko eluhlaza, eqhubekayo. Kusukela ezindaweni eziwudedangendlale zikawoyela kuya emadolobheni anamuhla, laba balindi abangabonakali basebenza ngo-24/7, baqapha izisebenzi, bavikela imvelo futhi bathuthukisa ukukhiqizwa. Bakha isisekelo esibalulekile sekusasa lemboni yaseSaudi, futhi izicelo zabo ngokungangabazeki zizoqhubeka nokukhula kokubili ukujula nobubanzi njengoba ubuchwepheshe buthuthuka.
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