Ukusetshenziswa Kwe-India Kohlelo Oludidiyelwe Lokuqapha Isexwayiso Sangaphambi Kwezikhukhula Esikhanyayo - Icala Le-Himachal Pradesh

Abstract

I-India iyizwe elivame ukuthinteka yizikhukhula, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zase-Himalaya ezisenyakatho nasenyakatho-mpumalanga. Izindlela zendabuko zokulawula izinhlekelele, ezivame ukugxila ekuphenduleni ngemva kwenhlekelele, ziye zaholela ekulimaleni okukhulu kanye nokulahlekelwa kwezomnotho. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, uhulumeni waseNdiya uye wakhuthaza ngamandla ukwamukelwa kwezixazululo zobuchwepheshe obuphezulu zokuxwayisa kusengaphambili ngezikhukhula. Lolu cwaningo lwecala, olugxile ku-Himachal Pradesh ethinteke kakhulu, lunikeza imininingwane ngokusetshenziswa, ukusebenza kahle, kanye nezinselelo ze-Flash Flood Warning System (FFWS) edidiyelwe, ehlanganisa amamitha okugeleza kwe-radar, ama-gauge emvula azenzakalelayo, nezinzwa zokuthutha.

1. Isendlalelo Sephrojekthi Nesidingo

I-Topography ye-Himachal Pradesh ibonakala ngezintaba eziphakeme nezigodi ezijulile, ezinoxhaxha lwemifula eminyene. Phakathi nenkathi yezimvula ezinkulu (June-September), isengozini kakhulu emvula yesikhashana, enamandla kakhulu ebangelwa i-monsoon eseningizimu-ntshonalanga, okuholela ezikhukhuleni ezibhubhisayo kanye nokudilika kwenhlabathi. Inhlekelele yase-Kedarnath yango-2013 e-Uttarakhand, eyabulala izinkulungwane, yasebenza njengocingo olubucayi lokuvuka. Inethiwekhi yokulinganisa imvula evamile yayincane futhi ukudluliswa kwedatha kwakushiywe yisikhathi, akukwazanga ukuhlangabezana nesidingo sokuqapha okunembile nesixwayiso esisheshayo sokuna kwemvula enamandla engazelele, yendawo.

Izidingo Eziyinhloko:

1. Ukuqapha Kwesikhathi Sangempela: Iqoqo ledatha lamaminithi lamazinga emvula namanzi emifula ezindaweni ezikude, ezingafinyeleleki.
2. Ukubikezela Okunembile: Sungula amamodeli athembekile wokuna kwemvula ukuze ubikezele isikhathi sokufika nesikali seziqongo zezikhukhula.
3. Ukuhlola Ubungozi Bendawo: Hlola ubungozi bokungazinzi kwemithambeka kanye nokudilika komhlaba okubangelwa imvula enkulu.
4. Isexwayiso Esisheshayo: Letha kalula ulwazi oluyisixwayiso kuziphathimandla zendawo kanye nemiphakathi ukuze uthenge isikhathi esibalulekile sokuphuma.

2. Izingxenye Zesistimu Nokusebenza Kobuchwepheshe

Ukuze kubhekwane nalezi zidingo, u-Himachal Pradesh usebenzisane ne-Central Water Commission (CWC) kanye noMnyango Wezesimo Sezulu wase-India (IMD) ukuze kusetshenziswe i-FFWS ethuthukisiwe ezindaweni zayo ezinobungozi obukhulu (isb., i-Sutlej, i-Beas basin).

1. Ama-Automatic Rain Gauges (ARGs)

• Umsebenzi: Njengamayunithi okuzwa aphambili futhi ayisisekelo, ama-ARG anomthwalo wemfanelo wokuqoqa idatha ebaluleke kakhulu: amandla emvula kanye nemvula enqwabelene. Lesi yisici esiqondile sokushayela ngemuva kokwakheka kwezikhukhula ze-flash.
• Izici Zobuchwepheshe: Besebenzisa indlela yebhakede lokuthipha, bakhiqiza isignali njalo ngo-0.5mm noma u-1mm wemvula, bedlulisela idatha ngesikhathi sangempela esikhungweni sokulawula nge-GSM/GPRS noma ngokuxhumana ngesathelayithi. Atshalwe ngobuchule ezindaweni eziphakeme, ezimaphakathi, neziphansi zamachweba ukuze zakhe inethiwekhi yokuqapha eminyene, ebamba ukuhlukahluka kwendawo kwemvula.
• Iqhaza: Nikeza idatha yokokufaka yezibalo zemodeli. Uma i-ARG irekhoda amandla emvula angaphezu komkhawulo omisiwe (isb, 20 mm ngehora), uhlelo luzicupha ngokuzenzakalelayo isaziso sokuqala.

2. Ukugeleza kweRadar/Izinga Lezinga Elingaxhumani Nalo (Izinzwa Zezinga Lamanzi E-Radar)

• Umsebenzi: Kufakwe kumabhuloho noma ezakhiweni eziseceleni kosebe, zikala ibanga eliya endaweni yomfula ngaphandle kokuthintana, ngaleyo ndlela zibala izinga lamanzi lesikhathi sangempela. Banikeza isexwayiso esiqondile lapho amazinga amanzi edlula izimpawu zengozi.
• Izici zobuchwepheshe:
  • Inzuzo: Ngokungafani nezinzwa zendabuko ezisekelwe ekuthinteni, izinzwa ze-radar azithintwa umthelela ovela kunhlabathi kanye nemfucumfucu ethwalwa amanzi ezikhukhula, edinga ukulungiswa okuncane futhi inikeza ukwethembeka okuphezulu.
  • Isicelo Sedatha: Idatha yezinga lamanzi yesikhathi sangempela, ehlanganiswe nedatha yemvula ekhuphuka nomfula, isetshenziselwa ukulinganisa nokuqinisekisa amamodeli we-hydrological. Ngokuhlaziya izinga lokukhuphuka kwezinga lamanzi, isistimu ingabikezela ngokunembe kakhudlwana ukuphakama kwezikhukhula kanye nesikhathi saso sokufika ezindaweni ezisezansi nomfula.
• Iqhaza: Nikeza ubufakazi obuqand' ikhanda bokuthi izikhukhula ziyenzeka. Ziwukhiye wokuqinisekisa ukubikezela kwemvula nokucupha izimpendulo eziphuthumayo.

3. Izinzwa Zokufuduka/Zokuqhekeka (Amamitha Wokuqhekeka nama-Inclinometers)

• Umsebenzi: Gada imithambeka engcupheni yokudilika kwenhlabathi noma ukugeleza kwemfucumfucu ukuze kususwe indawo futhi kuguquke. Zifakwe emizimbeni eyaziwayo yokudilika komhlaba noma emithambekeni enobungozi obukhulu.
• Izici Zobuchwepheshe: Lezi zinzwa zikala ukunwebeka kokuqhekeka kwendawo (amamitha okuqhekeka) noma ukunyakaza komhlabathi ongaphansi komhlaba (ama-inclinometer). Uma izinga lokufuduka lidlula umkhawulo ophephile, libonisa ukwehla okusheshayo ekuzinzeni kwemithambeka kanye namathuba aphezulu esilayidi esikhulu ngaphansi kwemvula engapheli.
• Iqhaza: Nikeza ukuhlolwa okuzimele kwengozi enobungozi bendawo. Ngisho noma imvula ingafinyeleli emazingeni ezixwayiso zezikhukhula, inzwa yokufuduka ecushiwe izokwazisa isixwayiso sokudilika komhlaba/udoti endaweni ethile, sisebenze njengesithasiselo esibalulekile ezixwayisoni zezikhukhula.

Ukuhlanganiswa Kwesistimu Nokusebenza:
Idatha evela kuma-ARG, izinzwa ze-radar, nezinzwa zokuthutha zihlangana endaweni emaphakathi yesixwayiso. Amamodeli wengozi ye-hydrological and geological hazard enza ukuhlaziya okudidiyelwe:

1. Idatha yemvula ifakwa kumamodeli ukuze kubikezelwe umthamo wokugeleza okungenzeka kanye namazinga amanzi.
2. Idatha yeleveli yamanzi ye-radar yesikhathi sangempela iqhathaniswa nezibikezelo ukuze ilungise ngokuqhubekayo futhi ithuthukise ukunemba kwemodeli.
3. Idatha yokugudluzwa isebenza njengenkomba efanayo yokuthatha izinqumo.
   Uma noma iyiphi inhlanganisela yedatha idlula imikhawulo esele imisiwe yamazinga amaningi (Ukweluleka, Buka, Isexwayiso), isistimu isabalalisa ngokuzenzakalelayo izexwayiso kuzikhulu zasendaweni, amathimba ezimpendulo eziphuthumayo, nabaholi bomphakathi nge-SMS, izinhlelo zokusebenza zeselula, nama-siren.

3. Imiphumela kanye Nomphumela

• Isikhathi Esengeziwe Sokuhola: Isistimu inyuse izikhathi zokuhola ezibucayi ukusuka cishe kuqanda ukuya emahoreni angu-1-3, okwenza ukukhishwa kwamadolobhana asengozini enkulu kwenzeke.
• Ukulahlekelwa Ukuphila Okuncishisiwe: Phakathi nezenzakalo ezimbalwa zemvula enamandla eminyakeni yamuva, u-Himachal Pradesh uye wakhipha ngempumelelo ukukhishwa okuningi kwangaphambi kokuphuma, ukuvimbela ngokuphumelelayo ukulimala okukhulu. Isibonelo, ngo-2022, isifunda saseMandi sakhipha abantu abangaphezu kuka-2,000 ngokusekelwe ezixwayiso; azikho izimpilo ezilahlekile kulesi sikhukhula esalandela.
• Ukwenziwa Kwezinqumo Okuqhutshwa Yidatha: Kugudluze ipharadigm isuke ekuthembeleni ekwahluleleni okuhlangenwe nakho yaya ekulawuleni izinhlekelele ngokwesayensi nenjongo.
• Ukuqwashisa Komphakathi Okuthuthukisiwe: Ukuba khona kwesistimu kanye nezixwayiso eziyimpumelelo zikhulise kakhulu ukuqwashisa komphakathi kanye nokwethemba olwazini lwesixwayiso sangaphambi kwesikhathi.

4. Izinselele kanye Nezikhombisi-ndlela Ezizayo

• Ukunakekela kanye Nezindleko: Izinzwa ezisetshenziswe ezindaweni ezinokhahlo zidinga ukunakekelwa okuvamile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuqhubeka kwedatha nokunemba, okuveza inselele eqhubekayo kumthamo wendawo wezezimali nobuchwepheshe.
• “I-Last Mile” Ukuxhumana: Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi imilayezo yesixwayiso ifinyelela wonke umuntu kuwo wonke amadolobhana akude, ikakhulukazi abantu abadala kanye nezingane, kudinga ukuthuthukiswa okwengeziwe (isb., ukuthembela emsakazweni, izinsimbi zomphakathi, noma izinsimbi njengesipele).
• Ukuthuthukisa Imodeli: Indawo yase-India eyinkimbinkimbi idinga ukuqoqwa kwedatha okuqhubekayo ukuze kwenziwe okwasendaweni kanye nokuthuthukisa amamodeli okuqagela ukuze kube nokunemba okuthuthukisiwe.
• Amandla Nokuxhumana: Ukunikezwa kwamandla okuzinzile kanye nokufakwa kwenethiwekhi yamaselula ezindaweni ezikude kuhlala kuyinkinga. Ezinye iziteshi zithembele emandleni elanga nasekuxhumaneni ngesathelayithi, okubiza kakhulu.

Izikhombisi-ndlela zesikhathi esizayo: I-India ihlela ukuhlanganisa ubuchwepheshe obuningi, obufana ne-radar yesimo sezulu ukuze uthole ukunemba kwemvula okunembe kakhudlwana manje, kusetshenziswa ubuhlakani be-Artificial Intelligence (AI) kanye Nokufunda Ngomshini ukuze kuhlaziywe idatha yomlando ukuze kutholakale ama-algorithms esixwayiso athuthukisiwe, nokunweba ukumbozwa kwesistimu kwezinye izifunda ezithandwa yizikhukhula.

Isiphetho

Uhlelo lokuxwayisa ngezikhukhula e-Himachal Pradesh, eNdiya, luyisibonelo samazwe asathuthuka asebenzisa ubuchwepheshe besimanje ukulwa nezinhlekelele zemvelo. Ngokuhlanganisa ama-gauge emvula azenzakalelayo, amamitha okugeleza kwe-radar, nezinzwa zokufuduka, uhlelo ludala inethiwekhi yokuqapha enezendlalelo eziningi ukusuka “esibhakabhakeni kuya emhlabathini,” okuvumela ukuguquguquka kwepharadigm kusuka ekuphenduleni kokungenzi lutho kuya kwesixwayiso esisebenzayo sezikhukhula kanye nezingozi zazo zesibili. Naphezu kwezinselele, inani eliqinisekisiwe lalolu hlelo ekuvikeleni izimpilo nempahla linikeza imodeli ephumelelayo, ephindaphindayo yezifunda ezifanayo emhlabeni wonke.

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