Naphezu kokushintsha kwesimo sezulu okunamandla emhlabeni wonke, ukuqapha imvula okunembile kuye kwaba okubaluleke kakhulu ekulawulweni kwezikhukhula kanye nokusiza ekulweni nesomiso, ukuphathwa kwemithombo yamanzi, kanye nocwaningo lwezulu. Imishini yokuqapha imvula, njengethuluzi eliyisisekelo lokuqoqa idatha yemvula, isuke kuma-gauge emvula endabuko iye ezinhlelweni zezinzwa ezihlakaniphile ezihlanganisa i-Internet of Things kanye nobuchwepheshe bobuhlakani bokwenziwa. Lesi sihloko sizokwethula ngokuphelele izici zobuchwepheshe kanye nezimo zokusetshenziswa ezahlukahlukene zama-gauge emvula kanye nezinzwa zemvula, futhi sihlaziye isimo samanje sesicelo sobuchwepheshe bokuqapha igesi emhlabeni wonke. Kuzogxilwa kakhulu ezindleleni zokuthuthukiswa emkhakheni wokuqapha igesi emazweni afana ne-China ne-United States, kwethulwa intuthuko yakamuva kanye nezitayela zesikhathi esizayo zobuchwepheshe bokuqapha imvula kubafundi.
Ukuvela kobuchwepheshe kanye nezici eziyinhloko zemishini yokuqapha imvula
Imvula, njengesixhumanisi esibalulekile emjikelezweni wamanzi, ukulinganisa kwayo okunembile kubaluleke kakhulu ekubikezeleni kwesimo sezulu, ucwaningo lwamanzi kanye nesixwayiso sangaphambi kwesikhathi sezinhlekelele. Imishini yokuqapha imvula, ngemva kweminyaka eyikhulu yentuthuko, yakhe ububanzi obuphelele bobuchwepheshe kusukela kumadivayisi endabuko omshini kuya kuzinzwa ezihlakaniphile zobuchwepheshe obuphezulu, ezihlangabezana nezidingo zokuqapha ezimweni ezahlukene. Imishini yokuqapha imvula evamile yamanje ihlanganisa kakhulu ama-gauge emvula endabuko, ama-gauge emvula ebhakedeni eligobile kanye nezinzwa zemvula ezisafufusa ze-piezoelectric, njll. Ngayinye yazo inezici zayo futhi ibonisa izici ezicacile ezihlukile maqondana nokunemba, ukuthembeka kanye nezindawo ezifanele.
Igeji yemvula yendabuko imelela indlela eyisisekelo kakhulu yokulinganisa imvula. Umklamo wayo ulula kodwa uyasebenza. Amageji emvula ajwayelekile avame ukwenziwa ngensimbi engagqwali, enobubanzi obubamba amanzi obungu-Ф200±0.6mm. Angalinganisa imvula ngamandla angu-≤4mm/min, ngesisombululo esingu-0.2mm (okuhambisana no-6.28ml womthamo wamanzi). Ngaphansi kwezimo zokuhlola ezimile zangaphakathi, ukunemba kwawo kungafinyelela ku-±4%. Le divayisi yomshini ayidingi ukunikezwa kwamandla kwangaphandle futhi isebenza ngokusekelwe ezimisweni zomzimba ezimsulwa. Inokuthembeka okuphezulu nokugcinwa okulula. Ukwakheka kokubukeka kwegeji yemvula nakho kucophelela kakhulu. Indawo yokukhipha imvula yenziwe ngeshidi lensimbi engagqwali ngokunyathela nokudweba okuphelele, ngezinga eliphezulu lokushelela, okunganciphisa ngempumelelo iphutha elibangelwa ukugcinwa kwamanzi. Ibhamuza lokulungisa elivundlile elibekwe ngaphakathi lisiza abasebenzisi ukulungisa imishini ibe sesimweni sokusebenza esingcono kakhulu. Nakuba amageji emvula endabuko enemikhawulo ngokuya ngokuzenzakalela kanye nokukhula kokusebenza, igunya ledatha yabo yokulinganisa libenza babe yimishini yokulinganisa yeminyango yesimo sezulu kanye neyamanzi ukwenza ukubonwa kwebhizinisi kanye nokuqhathanisa kuze kube namuhla.
Inzwa yesilinganiso semvula yebhakede eligobhozayo ifinyelele intuthuko enkulu ekulinganisweni okuzenzakalelayo kanye nokukhishwa kwedatha ngokusekelwe kusilinda yesilinganiso semvula yendabuko. Lolu hlobo lwenzwa luguqula imvula ibe isignali kagesi ngokusebenzisa indlela yebhakede eligobhozayo eliklanywe ngokucophelela - lapho elinye lamabhakede lithola amanzi ngenani elinqunyiwe (ngokuvamile imvula engu-0.1mm noma engu-0.2mm), liyaphenduka lodwa ngenxa yamandla adonsela phansi, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo likhiqiza isignali ye-pulse 710 ngokusebenzisa indlela ye-magnetic steel kanye ne-reed switch. Inzwa yesilinganiso semvula ye-FF-YL ekhiqizwe yi-Hebei Feimeng Electronic Technology Co., Ltd. ingummeleli ojwayelekile. Le divayisi isebenzisa ingxenye yebhakede eligobhozayo eyakhiwe ngokubumba umjovo wepulasitiki yobunjiniyela. Uhlelo lokusekela lwenziwe kahle futhi lunomzuzu omncane wokumelana nokungqubuzana. Ngakho-ke, luyazwela ekuphendukeni futhi lusebenza kahle. Inzwa yesilinganiso semvula yebhakede eligobhozayo inomugqa omuhle kanye nekhono eliqinile lokulwa nokuphazamiseka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-funnel yaklanywa ngezimbobo ze-mesh ukuvimbela amaqabunga nezinye izinsalela ukuthi zingavimbi amanzi emvula ukuthi ageleze phansi, okuthuthukisa kakhulu ukuthembeka kokusebenza ezindaweni zangaphandle. I-TE525MM series tipping bucket rain gauge yeCampbell Scientific Company e-United States ithuthukise ukunemba kokulinganisa kwebhakede ngalinye laya ku-0.1mm. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ithonya lomoya onamandla ekunembeni kokulinganisa lingancishiswa ngokukhetha i-windscreen, noma i-interface engenantambo ingafakelwa ukufeza ukudluliselwa kwedatha okude 10.
Inzwa ye-piezoelectric rain gauge imelela izinga eliphakeme kakhulu lobuchwepheshe bamanje bokuqapha imvula. Ilahla ngokuphelele izingxenye ezihambayo zemishini futhi isebenzisa ifilimu ye-PVDF piezoelectric njengedivayisi yokuzwa imvula. Ilinganisa imvula ngokuhlaziya isignali yamandla e-kinetic ekhiqizwa umthelela wamaconsi emvula. Inzwa yemvula ye-FT-Y1 piezoelectric eyenziwe yiShandong Fengtu Internet of Things Technology Co., Ltd. iwumkhiqizo ojwayelekile walobu buchwepheshe. Isebenzisa inethiwekhi ye-neural ye-AI ehlanganisiwe ukuhlukanisa izimpawu zamaconsi emvula futhi ingagwema ngempumelelo izinto ezibangela ukuphazamiseka okufana nesihlabathi, uthuli, nokudlidliza 25. Le sensor inezinzuzo eziningi ezishintshayo: umklamo ohlanganisiwe ongenazo izingxenye eziveziwe kanye nekhono lokuhlunga izimpawu zokuphazamiseka kwemvelo; Ububanzi bokulinganisa bubanzi (0-4mm/min), futhi isinqumo siphezulu njengo-0.01mm. Imvamisa yokusampula iyashesha (<1 sec), futhi ingaqapha isikhathi semvula ngokunembile kuze kube sesibili. Futhi yamukela umklamo womphezulu wokuxhumana ofana ne-arc, ayigcini amanzi emvula, futhi ifinyelela ngempela ngaphandle kokugcinwa. Ububanzi bokushisa bokusebenza kwezinzwa ze-piezoelectric bubanzi kakhulu (-40 kuya ku-85℃), kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamandla okungu-0.12W kuphela. Ukuxhumana kwedatha kufezwa nge-interface ye-RS485 kanye ne-protocol ye-MODBUS, okwenza ifaneleke kakhulu ekwakheni inethiwekhi yokuqapha ehlakaniphile esakazekile.
Ithebula: Ukuqhathaniswa Kokusebenza Kwemishini Yokuqapha Imvula Ejwayelekile
Uhlobo lwemishini, isimiso sokusebenza, izinzuzo kanye nokungalungi, ukunemba okuvamile, izimo ezisebenzayo
Igeyiji yemvula yendabuko iqoqa ngqo amanzi emvula ukuze ilinganiswe, inesakhiwo esilula, ukuthembeka okuphezulu, asikho isidingo sokunikezwa kwamandla kanye nokufunda ngesandla, kanye nomsebenzi owodwa weziteshi zokubhekisela zesimo sezulu ze-±4% kanye namaphuzu okubuka ngesandla.
Indlela yokulinganisa imvula yebhakede eligobhozayo iguqula imvula ibe amasignali kagesi ukuze kulinganiswe ngokuzenzakalelayo. Idatha kulula ukuyidlulisela. Izingxenye zemishini zingaguga futhi zidinga ukulungiswa njalo. ±3% (2mm/min imvula enamandla) isiteshi sezulu esizenzakalelayo, izindawo zokuqapha amanzi
Inzwa ye-piezoelectric rain gauge ikhiqiza izimpawu zikagesi ezivela kumandla e-kinetic amaconsi emvula ukuze ihlaziywe. Ayinazo izingxenye ezihambayo, i-resolution ephezulu, izindleko eziphakeme kakhulu zokulwa nokuphazamiseka, futhi idinga i-algorithm yokucubungula izimpawu engu-≤±4% yesimo sezulu sethrafikhi, iziteshi ezizenzakalelayo ensimini, kanye namadolobha ahlakaniphile.
Ngaphezu kwemishini yokuqapha ehleliwe esuselwe emhlabathini, ubuchwepheshe bokulinganisa imvula buthuthukela ekuqapheni kokuzwa okukude okusekelwe esikhaleni kanye nomoya. I-radar yemvula esekelwe emhlabathini inquma ukuqina kwemvula ngokukhipha amagagasi kagesi kanye nokuhlaziya ama-echoes ahlakazekile amafu nezinhlayiya zemvula. Ingafinyelela ukuqapha okuqhubekayo okukhulu, kodwa ithintwa kakhulu ukuvaleka kwendawo kanye nezakhiwo zasemadolobheni. Ubuchwepheshe bokubona okukude kwesathelayithi "bubuka" imvula yoMhlaba kusuka emkhathini. Phakathi kwazo, ukuzwa okukude kwe-microwave okungasebenzi kusebenzisa ukuphazamiseka kwezinhlayiya zemvula emisebeni yangemuva ukuze kuguqulwe, kuyilapho ukuzwa okukude kwe-microwave okusebenzayo (njenge-radar ye-DPR yesathelayithi ye-GPM) kukhipha ngqo izimpawu futhi kwamukela ama-echoes, futhi kubala ukuqina kwemvula 49 ngobudlelwano be-ZR (Z=aR^b). Nakuba ubuchwepheshe bokubona okukude bunokumbozwa okubanzi, ukunemba kwayo kusancike ekulinganisweni kwedatha yesilinganiso semvula yomhlaba. Isibonelo, ukuhlolwa eLaoha River Basin eShayina kukhombisa ukuthi ukuphambuka phakathi komkhiqizo we-satellite precipitation 3B42V6 kanye nokubonwa komhlabathi kungu-21%, kuyilapho ukuphambuka komkhiqizo wesikhathi sangempela i-3B42RT kuphakeme njengo-81%.
Ukukhethwa kwemishini yokuqapha imvula kudinga ukucabangela ngokuphelele izici ezifana nokunemba kokulinganisa, ukuzivumelanisa nemvelo, izidingo zokulungisa kanye nezindleko. Amageyiji emvula endabuko afaneleka njengemishini yokubhekisela yokuqinisekisa idatha. Igeyiji yemvula yebhakede eligobile ilinganisa phakathi kwezindleko nokusebenza futhi iyilungiselelo elijwayelekile eziteshini zezulu ezizenzakalelayo. Izinzwa ze-piezoelectric, ngokuzivumelanisa kwazo nemvelo okuvelele kanye nezinga lobuhlakani, zandisa kancane kancane ukusetshenziswa kwazo emkhakheni wokuqapha okukhethekile. Ngokuthuthuka kwe-Internet of Things kanye nobuchwepheshe bobuhlakani bokwenziwa, inethiwekhi yokuqapha ehlanganisiwe yobuchwepheshe obuningi izoba umkhuba wesikhathi esizayo, ifinyelele uhlelo lokuqapha imvula oluphelele oluhlanganisa amaphuzu nezindawo futhi luhlanganise umoya nomhlabathi.
Izimo zokusetshenziswa ezahlukahlukene zemishini yokuqapha imvula
Idatha yemvula, njengepharamitha eyisisekelo yesimo sezulu kanye neyamanzi, yandise amasimu ayo okusetshenziswa kusukela ekubukeni kwesimo sezulu kwendabuko kuya ezicini eziningi njengokulawulwa kwezikhukhula zasemadolobheni, ukukhiqizwa kwezolimo, kanye nokuphathwa kwethrafikhi, okwakha iphethini yokusetshenziswa ehlanganisa izimboni ezibalulekile zomnotho kazwelonke. Ngokuthuthuka kobuchwepheshe bokuqapha kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwamakhono okuhlaziya idatha, imishini yokuqapha imvula idlala indima ebalulekile ezimweni eziningi, inikeza isisekelo sesayensi emphakathini wesintu sokubhekana nezinselele zokushintsha kwesimo sezulu kanye nemithombo yamanzi.
Ukuqapha isimo sezulu kanye nokuqapha amanzi kanye nesexwayiso senhlekelele kusenesikhathi
Ukuqapha isimo sezulu kanye nokuqapha amanzi kuyinkambu yendabuko nebaluleke kakhulu yokusebenzisa imishini yemvula. Kunethiwekhi kazwelonke yeziteshi zokubuka isimo sezulu, ama-rain gauge kanye nama-tipping bucket rain gauge akha ingqalasizinda yokuqoqwa kwedatha yemvula. Le datha ayiwona nje amapharamitha okufaka abalulekile okubikezela isimo sezulu, kodwa futhi ayidatha eyisisekelo yocwaningo lwesimo sezulu. Inethiwekhi ye-MESO-scale rain gauge (MESONET) eyasungulwa eMumbai ibonise ukubaluleka kwenethiwekhi yokuqapha yabantu abaningi - ngokuhlaziya idatha yesizini yemvula kusukela ngo-2020 kuya ku-2022, abacwaningi baphumelele ukubala ukuthi isivinini esimaphakathi sokuhamba kwemvula enkulu sasingamakhilomitha ayi-10.3-17.4 ngehora, kanti isiqondiso sasiphakathi kwama-degrees angu-253-260. Lokhu okutholakele kubaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni imodeli yokubikezela imvula yasemadolobheni. EShayina, "Uhlelo Lweminyaka Emihlanu Lwe-14 Lokuthuthukiswa Kwamanzi" lusho ngokusobala ukuthi kuyadingeka ukuthuthukisa inethiwekhi yokuqapha amanzi, ukwandisa ubuningi kanye nokunemba kokuqapha imvula, kanye nokunikeza ukwesekwa kokulawulwa kwezikhukhula kanye nokwenza izinqumo zokusiza isomiso.
Ohlelweni lokuxwayisa ngezikhukhula kusenesikhathi, idatha yokuqapha imvula ngesikhathi sangempela idlala indima engenakuphindwa. Izinzwa zemvula zisetshenziswa kabanzi ezinhlelweni zokuqapha nokubika ngokuzenzakalela kwamanzi ezihlose ukulawula izikhukhula, ukuthunyelwa kwamanzi, kanye nokuphathwa kwesimo samanzi eziteshini zamandla kanye namachibi. Lapho amandla emvula edlula umkhawulo ohleliwe, uhlelo lungaqalisa ngokuzenzakalelayo isixwayiso sokukhumbuza izindawo ezingezansi ukuthi zenze amalungiselelo okulawula izikhukhula. Isibonelo, inzwa yemvula yebhakede eligobhozayo i-FF-YL inomsebenzi we-alamu yokulawula imvula yezikhathi ezintathu. Ingakhipha amazinga ahlukene e-alamu yomsindo, yokukhanya neyezwi ngokusekelwe emvuleni eqoqiwe, ngaleyo ndlela ithenge isikhathi esiyigugu sokuvimbela izinhlekelele kanye nokunciphisa. Isixazululo sokuqapha imvula esingenantambo se-Campbell Scientific Company e-United States senza ukudluliswa kwedatha yesikhathi sangempela nge-interface yochungechunge lwe-CWS900, sithuthukisa kakhulu ukusebenza kahle kokuqapha ngo-10.
Izinhlelo zokusebenza zokuphathwa kwedolobha nezokuthutha
Ukwakhiwa kwamadolobha ahlakaniphile kulethe izimo ezintsha zokusetshenziswa kubuchwepheshe bokuqapha imvula. Ekuqapheni izinhlelo zokudonsa amanzi emadolobheni, izinzwa zemvula ezisatshalaliswe zingaqonda ubukhali bemvula endaweni ngayinye ngesikhathi sangempela. Zihlanganiswe nemodeli yenethiwekhi yokudonsa amanzi, zingabikezela ingozi yezikhukhula zasemadolobheni futhi zithuthukise ukuthunyelwa kweziteshi zokupompa. Izinzwa zemvula ze-piezoelectric, ezinobukhulu bazo obuncane (njenge-FT-Y1) kanye nokuzivumelanisa nezimo okuqinile kwemvelo, zifaneleka kakhulu ukufakwa okufihliwe ezindaweni zasemadolobheni 25. Iminyango yokulawula izikhukhula emadolobheni amakhulu njengeBeijing isiqalile ukuhlola amanethiwekhi okuqapha imvula ahlakaniphile asekelwe kwi-Intanethi Yezinto. Ngokuhlanganisa idatha yezinzwa eziningi, zihlose ukufeza ukubikezela okunembile kanye nokuphendula okusheshayo ezikhukhuleni zasemadolobheni.
Emkhakheni wokuphathwa kwethrafikhi, izinzwa zemvula seziyingxenye ebalulekile yezinhlelo zokuhamba ezihlakaniphile. Amadivayisi emvula afakwe emigwaqweni emikhulu kanye nemigwaqo emikhulu yasemadolobheni angaqapha ukuqina kwemvula ngesikhathi sangempela. Lapho kutholwa imvula enkulu, azoqala ngokuzenzakalelayo izimpawu zemiyalezo eguquguqukayo ukuze akhiphe izixwayiso zomkhawulo wejubane noma asebenze uhlelo lokukhipha amanzi emhubheni. Okuphawuleka nakakhulu ukuthandwa kwezinzwa zemvula yezimoto - lezi zinzwa ze-optical noma ze-capacitive, ezivame ukufihlwa ngemuva kwefasitela langaphambili, zingalungisa ngokuzenzakalelayo isivinini se-wiper ngokuya ngenani lemvula ena engilazini, okuthuthukisa kakhulu ukuphepha kokushayela esimweni sezulu semvula. Imakethe yezinzwa zemvula yezimoto zomhlaba wonke ibuswa kakhulu ngabaphakeli abanjengoKostar, Bosch, kanye noDenso. Lawa madivayisi okunemba amelela izinga eliphezulu lobuchwepheshe bokuzwa imvula.
Ukukhiqizwa kwezolimo kanye nocwaningo lwezemvelo
Ukuthuthukiswa kwezolimo olunembile akuhlukaniseki nokuqapha imvula esikalini sensimu. Idatha yemvula isiza abalimi ukuthi bathuthukise izinhlelo zokunisela, bagweme ukulahlwa kwamanzi ngenkathi beqinisekisa ukuthi izidingo zamanzi zezitshalo ziyahlangatshezwa. Izinzwa zemvula (ezifana nama-rain gauge ensimbi engagqwali) ezifakwe eziteshini zezulu zezolimo nezamahlathi zinezici zamandla aqinile okulwa nokugqwala kanye nekhwalithi yokubukeka enhle kakhulu, futhi zingasebenza ngokuzinzile endaweni yasendle isikhathi eside. Ezindaweni ezinamagquma nezintaba, inethiwekhi yokuqapha imvula esetshenzisiwe esakazekile ingathatha umehluko wendawo ekunabeni futhi inikeze izeluleko zezolimo ezenzelwe wena zezindawo ezahlukene. Amanye amapulazi athuthukile aseqalile ukuzama ukuxhumanisa idatha yemvula nezinhlelo zokunisela ezizenzakalelayo ukuze kufezwe ukuphathwa kwamanzi okuhlakaniphile kwangempela.
Ucwaningo lwe-ecohydrology luphinde luthembele ekubonweni kwemvula esezingeni eliphezulu. Ekufundweni kwezindawo zemvelo zamahlathi, ukuqapha imvula emahlathini kungahlaziya umphumela wokuvinjelwa kwekhanophi ekunabeni. Ekuvikelweni kwezindawo ezimanzi, idatha yemvula iyinto ebalulekile yokubala ibhalansi yamanzi; Emkhakheni wokulondolozwa kwenhlabathi namanzi, ulwazi lokuqina kwemvula luhlobene ngqo nokunemba kwamamodeli okuguguleka kwenhlabathi 17. Abacwaningi e-Old Ha River Basin eShayina basebenzise idatha yesilinganiso semvula ephansi ukuhlola ukunemba kwemikhiqizo yemvula yesathelayithi efana ne-TRMM ne-CMORPH, okuhlinzeka ngesisekelo esibalulekile sokuthuthukisa ama-algorithms okuzwa akude. Lolu hlobo lwendlela yokuqapha "ehlanganisiwe yesikhala nomhlaba" seluba yindlela entsha ocwaningweni lwe-eco-hydrology.
Izinkambu ezikhethekile kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza ezintsha
Imboni yamandla namandla nayo isiqalile ukunaka ukubaluleka kokuqapha imvula. Amapulazi omoya asebenzisa idatha yemvula ukuhlola ingozi yokushisa kwama-blade, kuyilapho iziteshi zamandla kagesi zamanzi zithuthukisa izinhlelo zazo zokukhiqizwa kwamandla ngokusekelwe esibikezelweni semvula yesigodi. Inzwa ye-piezoelectric rain gauge FT-Y1 isetshenziswe ohlelweni lokuqapha imvelo lwamapulazi omoya. Ibanga layo elibanzi lokushisa lokusebenza elisukela ku--40 kuya ku-85℃ lifaneleka kakhulu ekuqapheni isikhathi eside ngaphansi kwezimo zezulu ezinzima.
Insimu yezindiza inezidingo ezikhethekile zokuqapha imvula. Inethiwekhi yokuqapha imvula ezungeze umgwaqo wesikhumulo sezindiza inikeza isiqinisekiso sokuphepha kwezindiza, kuyilapho indawo yokwethulwa kwerokhethi idinga ukuqonda ngokunembile isimo semvula ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha kokwethulwa. Phakathi kwalezi zicelo ezibalulekile, amageyiji emvula athembeke kakhulu (njengeCampbell TE525MM) avame ukukhethwa njengezinzwa eziyinhloko. Ukunemba kwawo okungu-±1% (ngaphansi kwamandla emvula angu-≤10mm/hr) kanye nomklamo ongafakelwa izindandatho ezingangeni moya kuhlangabezana nezindinganiso eziqinile zemboni 10.
Izinkambu zocwaningo lwesayensi kanye nemfundo nazo zandisa ukusetshenziswa kwemishini yokuqapha imvula. Izinzwa zemvula zisetshenziswa njengemishini yokufundisa kanye neyokuhlola ezifundweni ze-meteorology, hydrology kanye nesayensi yezemvelo emakolishi nasezikoleni zamabanga aphezulu zobuchwepheshe ukusiza abafundi baqonde isimiso sokulinganisa imvula. Amaphrojekthi esayensi yezakhamuzi akhuthaza ukuhlanganyela komphakathi ekuqapheni imvula futhi andise ukumbozwa kwenethiwekhi yokuqapha ngokusebenzisa ama-rain gauge ashibhile. Uhlelo lwemfundo lwe-GPM (Global Precipitation Measurement) e-United States lubonisa ngokucacile izimiso kanye nokusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe bokubona kude kubafundi ngokuhlaziywa okuqhathanisayo kwedatha yesathelayithi kanye nemvula yomhlabathi.
Ngokuthuthukiswa kwe-Internet of Things, i-big data kanye nobuchwepheshe bobuhlakani bokwenziwa, ukuqapha imvula kuyashintsha kusuka ekulinganisweni kwemvula okukodwa kuya ekuboneni ngokubambisana kwamapharamitha amaningi kanye nokusekelwa kwezinqumo ezihlakaniphile. Uhlelo lokuqapha imvula yesikhathi esizayo luzohlanganiswa eduze kakhulu nezinye izinzwa zemvelo (njengomswakama, isivinini somoya, umswakama womhlabathi, njll.) ukuze kwakheke inethiwekhi ephelele yokuqonda imvelo, okuhlinzeka ngokusekelwa kwedatha okuphelele nokunembile emphakathini wesintu ukubhekana nezinselele zokushintsha kwesimo sezulu kanye nemithombo yamanzi.
Ukuqhathaniswa kwesimo samanje sesicelo sobuchwepheshe bokuqapha igesi emhlabeni wonke namazwe
Ubuchwepheshe bokuqapha igesi, njengokuqapha imvula, buyingxenye ebalulekile emkhakheni wokubona imvelo futhi budlala indima ebalulekile ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu emhlabeni jikelele, ukuphepha kwezimboni, impilo yomphakathi kanye nezinye izici. Ngokusekelwe ezinhlakeni zabo zezimboni, izinqubomgomo zemvelo kanye namazinga obuchwepheshe, amazwe nezifunda ezahlukene ziveza amaphethini entuthuko ahlukile ocwaningweni nasekusetshenzisweni kobuchwepheshe bokuqapha igesi. Njengezwe elikhulu lokukhiqiza kanye nesikhungo sobuchwepheshe esithuthuka ngokushesha, iShayina yenze intuthuko emangalisayo ocwaningweni nasekuthuthukisweni nasekusetshenzisweni kwezinzwa zegesi. I-United States, ithembele emandleni ayo aqinile obuchwepheshe kanye nohlelo oluphelele olujwayelekile, igcina isikhundla esiphambili kubuchwepheshe bokuqapha igesi kanye nezinkambu zokusetshenziswa ezinenani eliphezulu. Amazwe aseYurophu akhuthaza ukusungulwa kobuchwepheshe bokuqapha ngemithetho eqinile yokuvikela imvelo. IJapane neNingizimu Korea zisezikhundleni ezibalulekile emikhakheni yezinzwa zegesi zabathengi kanye nezinzwa zegesi zezimoto.
Ukuthuthukiswa Nokusetshenziswa Kobuchwepheshe Bokuqapha Igesi eShayina
Ubuchwepheshe bokuqapha igesi eShayina bubonise ukuthambekela kwentuthuko okusheshayo eminyakeni yamuva futhi bube nentuthuko emangalisayo emikhakheni eminingi njengokuphepha kwezimboni, ukuqapha kwemvelo kanye nempilo yezokwelapha. Isiqondiso senqubomgomo siyimbangela ebalulekile yokwanda okusheshayo kwemakethe yokuqapha igesi eShayina. "Uhlelo Lweminyaka Emihlanu Lwe-14 Lokukhiqizwa Kokuphepha Kwamakhemikhali Ayingozi" ludinga ngokusobala izindawo zezimboni zamakhemikhali ukuthi zisungule uhlelo oluphelele lokuqapha igesi enobuthi neyingozi kanye nokuxwayisa kusenesikhathi futhi lukhuthaze ukwakhiwa kwepulatifomu yokulawula ingozi ehlakaniphile. Ngaphansi kwalesi sizinda senqubomgomo, imishini yokuqapha igesi yasekhaya isetshenziswe kabanzi ezimbonini ezinobungozi obukhulu njenge-petrochemicals kanye nezimayini zamalahle. Isibonelo, izitholi zegesi enobuthi ze-electrochemical kanye nezitholi zegesi ezivuthayo ze-infrared sezibe yizilungiselelo ezijwayelekile zokuphepha kwezimboni.
Emkhakheni wokuqapha imvelo, iShayina isungule inethiwekhi yokuqapha ikhwalithi yomoya enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni, ehlanganisa amadolobha angama-338 ezingeni lezifundazwe nangaphezulu kulo lonke izwe. Le nethiwekhi iqapha ikakhulukazi amapharamitha ayisithupha, okungukuthi i-SO₂, i-NO₂, i-CO, i-O₃, i-PM₂.₅ kanye ne-PM₁₀, lapho ezine zokuqala zonke ziyingcolisa yegesi. Imininingwane evela e-China National Environmental Monitoring Centre ikhombisa ukuthi kusukela ngo-2024, kuneziteshi zokuqapha ikhwalithi yomoya ezingaphezu kuka-1,400 ezingeni likazwelonke, zonke zihlonyiswe ngabahlaziyi begesi abazenzakalelayo. Idatha yesikhathi sangempela yenziwa itholakale emphakathini nge-“National Urban Air Quality Real-Time Release Platform”. Lo mthamo wokuqapha omkhulu nowokuxinana kwabantu unikeza isisekelo sesayensi sezenzo zaseShayina zokuvimbela nokulawula ukungcoliswa komoya.
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Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Juni-11-2025