Ngokumelene nesizinda sokushintsha kwesimo sezulu okuqinisiwe emhlabeni wonke, ukugadwa kwemvula okunembayo sekubaluleke kakhulu ekulawuleni izikhukhula nokuqeda isomiso, ukuphathwa kwemithombo yamanzi, kanye nocwaningo lwesimo sezulu. Izinto zokuqapha imvula, njengethuluzi elibalulekile lokuqoqa idatha yemvula, zishintshile zisuka ezilinganisweni zemvula ezivamile zaya kumasistimu wezinzwa ezihlakaniphile ahlanganisa i-inthanethi Yezinto kanye nobuchwepheshe bobuhlakani bokwenziwa. Lesi sihloko sizokwethula ngokuphelele izici zobuchwepheshe kanye nezimo zokusetshenziswa ezihlukene zamageji emvula nezinzwa zemvula, futhi sihlaziye isimo samanje sokusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe bokuqapha igesi emhlabeni wonke. Kuzonakwa ngokukhethekile izitayela zentuthuko emkhakheni wokuqapha igesi emazweni afana ne-China ne-United States, kwethula inqubekelaphambili yakamuva kanye nezindlela zesikhathi esizayo zobuchwepheshe bokuqapha imvula kubafundi.
Ukuvela kwezobuchwepheshe kanye nezici eziyinhloko zemishini yokuqapha imvula
Imvula, njengesixhumanisi esiyinhloko kumjikelezo wamanzi, ukulinganisa kwawo okunembayo kubaluleke kakhulu ekubikezelweni kwezulu, ucwaningo lwe-hydrological kanye nesixwayiso sangaphambi kwesikhathi senhlekelele. Imishini yokuqapha ukuna kwemvula, ngemva kwekhulu leminyaka yokuthuthukiswa, yenze i-spectrum yobuchwepheshe ephelele kusukela emishinini evamile yemishini kuya kuzinzwa ezihlakaniphile zobuchwepheshe obuphezulu, ehlangabezana nezidingo zokuqapha ezimweni ezihlukahlukene. Imishini yamanje yokuqapha ukuna kwemvula ikakhulukazi ihlanganisa amageji emvula avamile, amageji emvula ebhakede kanye nezinzwa zemvula ezisafufusa ze-piezoelectric, njll. Ngayinye yazo inezici zayo futhi ibonisa izici ezihlukene ezisobala ngokunemba, ukwethembeka kanye nezimo ezisebenzayo.
Igeji yemvula evamile imele indlela ebaluleke kakhulu yokukala imvula. Umklamo wayo ulula kodwa uyasebenza. Amageji emvula ajwayelekile enziwa ngensimbi engagqwali, enobubanzi obubamba amanzi obungu-Ф200±0.6mm. Bangakwazi ukukala imvula ngamandla angu-≤4mm/min, ngokulungiswa okungu-0.2mm (okuhambisana no-6.28ml wevolumu yamanzi). Ngaphansi kwezimo zokuhlola ezimile endlini, ukunemba kwazo kungafinyelela ku-±4%. Lolu cingo oluwumshini aludingi ukunikezwa kwamandla kwangaphandle futhi lusebenza ngokusekelwe ezimisweni ezibonakalayo ezibonakalayo. Ifaka ukuthembeka okuphezulu nokugcinwa okulula. Ukwakheka kwegeji yemvula nakho kucophelela kakhulu. I-outlet yemvula yenziwe ngeshidi lensimbi engagqwali ngokusebenzisa isitembu nokudweba okuphelele, ngezinga eliphezulu lokushelela, okunganciphisa ngempumelelo iphutha elibangelwa ukugcinwa kwamanzi. Ibhamuza lokulungisa elivundlile elisethwe ngaphakathi lisiza abasebenzisi ukuthi balungise izisetshenziswa zibe sesimweni esingcono kakhulu sokusebenza. Nakuba ama-gauge emvula endabuko enemikhawulo mayelana nokuzenzakalela kanye nokulinganisa ukusebenza kwawo, igunya ledatha yawo yokulinganisa iwenza abe yimishini yokuqhathanisa yeminyango yesimo sezulu kanye neyokusetshenziswa kwamanzi ukuze iqhube ukubhekwa kwebhizinisi nokuqhathanisa kuze kube namuhla.
Inzwa yegeuge yemvula yebhakede enikeza itiphu izuze ukulinganisa okuzenzakalelayo nokuphumayo kwedatha ngesisekelo sesilinda esivamile segeji yemvula. Lolu hlobo lwenzwa luguqula imvula ibe isignali kagesi ngomshini webhakede oklanywe ngokucophelela okabili – lapho elinye lamabhakede lithola amanzi enanini elinqunyiwe ngaphambili (ngokuvamile elingu-0.1mm noma imvula engu-0.2mm), liyagingqika ngokwalo ngenxa yamandla adonsela phansi, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo likhiqiza isignali ye-pulse 710 ngokusebenzisa iswishi yensimbi kazibuthe. Inzwa yegeji yemvula ye-FF-YL ekhiqizwe yi-Hebei Feimeng Electronic Technology Co., Ltd. ingummeleli ojwayelekile. Lo mshini wamukela ingxenye yebhakede lethiphu elakhiwe ngokubumba umjovo wamapulasitiki obunjiniyela. Isistimu yokusekela yakhiwe kahle futhi inesikhathi esincane sokumelana nokungqubuzana. Ngakho-ke, iyazwela ekuphenyisweni futhi inokusebenza okuzinzile. Inzwa yegeji yemvula yebhakede elinikezayo inomugqa omuhle nekhono eliqinile lokulwa nokuphazamiseka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ifaneli iklanywe ngezimbobo ezinezikhala ukuvimbela amaqabunga nezinye izinsalela ekuvimbeleni amanzi emvula ukuthi ahlehle, okuthuthukisa kakhulu ukuthembeka kokusebenza ezindaweni ezingaphandle. I-TE525MM yochungechunge oluthipha igeji yemvula yebhakede ye-Campbell Scientific Company e-United States ithuthukise ukunemba kokulinganisa kwebhakede ngalinye ukuze libe ngu-0.1mm. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umthelela womoya onamandla ekunembeni kwesilinganiso ungancishiswa ngokukhetha isikrini sangaphambili, noma isixhumi esibonakalayo esingenantambo singahlonyiswa ukuze kuzuzwe ukudluliswa kwedatha okukude 10.
Inzwa ye-piezoelectric rain gauge imele izinga eliphezulu kakhulu lobuchwepheshe bamanje bokuqapha imvula. Ilahla ngokuphelele izingxenye ezihambayo zemishini futhi isebenzisa ifilimu ye-PVDF piezoelectric njengethuluzi elizwa imvula. Ikala imvula ngokuhlaziya isignali yamandla e-kinetic ekhiqizwa umthelela wamathonsi emvula. Inzwa yemvula ye-FT-Y1 piezoelectric eyakhiwe yi-Shandong Fengtu Internet of Things Technology Co., Ltd. iwumkhiqizo ojwayelekile walobu buchwepheshe. Isebenzisa inethiwekhi ye-AI ye-neural eshumekiwe ukuze ihlukanise amasignali emvula futhi ingagwema ngokuphumelelayo izimbangela ezingamanga ezibangelwa ukuphazamiseka okufana nesihlabathi, uthuli, nokudlidliza 25. Le nzwa inezinzuzo eziningi zokuguquguquka: idizayini ehlanganisiwe engenazo izingxenye eziveziwe kanye nekhono lokuhlunga amasignali okuphazanyiswa kwemvelo; Ibanga lokulinganisa libanzi (0-4mm/min), futhi ukulungiswa kuphezulu njengo-0.01mm. Imvamisa yesampula iyashesha (<1 isekhondi), futhi ingakwazi ukuqapha ubude besikhathi sokuna kwemvula ngokunembile kuya kwesesibili. Futhi yamukela idizayini yendawo yokuthinta emise okwe-arc, ayiwagcini amanzi emvula, futhi izuza ngempela ngaphandle kokunakekelwa. Ibanga lokushisa elisebenzayo lezinzwa ze-piezoelectric libanzi ngokwedlulele (-40 kuya ku-85 ℃), elinokusetshenziswa kwamandla okungu-0.12W kuphela. Ukuxhumana kwedatha kufinyelelwa ngesixhumi esibonakalayo se-RS485 kanye nephrothokholi ye-MODBUS, okuyenza ifaneleke kakhulu ukwakha inethiwekhi yokuqapha ehlakaniphile esabalalisiwe.
Ithebula: Ukuqhathaniswa Kokusebenza Kwezisetshenziswa Ezivamile Zokuqapha Imvula
Uhlobo lwesisetshenziswa, isimiso sokusebenza, izinzuzo kanye nokubi, ukunemba okujwayelekile, izimo ezisebenzayo
Igeji yemvula evamile iqoqa ngokuqondile amanzi emvula ukuze ilinganiswe, anesakhiwo esilula, ukwethembeka okuphezulu, asikho isidingo sokuphakelwa kukagesi nokufunda mathupha, kanye nomsebenzi owodwa ± 4% weziteshi zenkomba yesimo sezulu kanye nezindawo zokubuka okwenziwa ngesandla.
Indlela yebhakede le-tip gauge yemvula yebhakede iguqula imvula ibe amasiginali kagesi ukuze kukale okuzenzakalelayo. Idatha kulula ukuyidlulisela. Izingxenye zikagesi zingase ziguge futhi zidinge ukunakekelwa njalo. ±3%(2mm/min ukuqina kwemvula) isiteshi sezulu esizenzakalelayo, izindawo zokuqapha amanzi
Inzwa yegeji yemvula ye-piezoelectric ikhiqiza amasignali kagesi kusuka kumandla e-kinetic wamathonsi emvula ukuze ahlaziywe. Ayinazo izingxenye ezihambayo, ukulungiswa okuphezulu, izindleko eziphakeme zokunqanda ukuphazamiseka, futhi idinga i-algorithm yokucubungula isignali engu-≤±4% ye-traffic meteorology, iziteshi ezizenzakalelayo ensimini, namadolobha ahlakaniphile.
Ngokungeziwe kumishini yokuqapha egxilile esekelwe phansi, ubuchwepheshe bokulinganisa imvula buyathuthukela ekuhloleni izinzwa ezikude ezisekelwe emkhathini kanye nasemoyeni. I-radar yemvula esekelwe phansi idonsa amandla emvula ngokukhipha amagagasi kazibuthe kagesi futhi ihlaziye ukunanela okusabalele kwamafu nezinhlayiya zemvula. Ingafinyelela ukuqapha okukhulu okuqhubekayo, kodwa ithintwa kakhulu ukuvaleka kwezindawo kanye nezakhiwo zasemadolobheni. Ubuchwepheshe benzwa yesathelayithi “abunaki” ukuna komhlaba okuvela emkhathini. Phakathi kwazo, inzwa eyirimothi ye-microwave esebenzisa ukugxambukela kwezinhlayiya zemvula emisebeni yangemuva ukuze iguqulwe, kuyilapho inzwa eyirimothi ye-microwave esebenzayo (njenge-radar ye-DPR yesathelayithi ye-GPM) ikhipha amasignali ngokuqondile futhi yamukele ama-echo, futhi ibala ukushuba kwemvula 49 ngobudlelwano be-ZR (Z=aR^b). Nakuba ubuchwepheshe benzwa obukude buhlanganisa kabanzi, ukunemba kwabo kusancike ekulinganisweni kwedatha yegeji yemvula yaphansi. Isibonelo, ukuhlola e-Laoha River Basin yase-China kukhombisa ukuthi ukuchezuka phakathi komkhiqizo wesathelayithi wezulu ongu-3B42V6 kanye nokubhekwa komhlabathi kungu-21%, kuyilapho ukuchezuka komkhiqizo wesikhathi sangempela i-3B42RT kuphezulu njengo-81%.
Ukukhethwa kwezinto zokuqapha imvula kudinga ukucubungulisisa izici ezifana nokunemba kwesilinganiso, ukuguquguquka kwemvelo, izidingo zokunakekelwa kanye nezindleko. Amageji emvula endabuko afaneleka njengezisetshenziswa zereferensi zokuqinisekisa idatha. I-gauge yemvula yebhakede letiphu ifinyelela ibhalansi phakathi kwezindleko nokusebenza futhi iwukumiswa okujwayelekile eziteshini zesimo sezulu ezizenzakalelayo. Izinzwa ze-Piezoelectric, ngokuguquguquka kwazo okuvelele kwemvelo kanye nezinga elihlakaniphile, kancane kancane zandisa ukusetshenziswa kwazo emkhakheni wokuqapha okukhethekile. Ngokuthuthukiswa Kwe-inthanethi Yezinto kanye nobuchwepheshe bobuhlakani bokwenziwa, inethiwekhi yokuqapha edidiyelwe yobuchwepheshe obuningi izoba inkambiso yesikhathi esizayo, izuze uhlelo olubanzi lokuqapha imvula oluhlanganisa amaphuzu nezindawo bese luhlanganisa umoya nomhlaba.
Izimo ezihlukene zokusebenzisa imishini yokuqapha ukuna kwemvula
Idatha yemvula, njengepharamitha eyisisekelo yesimo sezulu kanye ne-hydrological, inwebise izinkambu zayo zokusebenza kusukela ekuhlolweni kwesimo sezulu esivamile kuya ezintweni eziningi ezifana nokulawulwa kwezikhukhula zasemadolobheni, ukukhiqizwa kwezolimo, nokuphathwa kwethrafikhi, okwenza iphethini yohlelo lokusebenza yonke ehlanganisa izimboni ezibalulekile zomnotho wezwe. Ngokuthuthuka kobuchwepheshe bokuqapha kanye nokwenza ngcono amakhono okuhlaziya idatha, imishini yokuqapha ukuna kwemvula idlala indima ebalulekile kwezinye izimo, ihlinzeka ngesisekelo sesayensi emphakathini wesintu ukubhekana nokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu kanye nezinselele zemithombo yamanzi.
Ukuqapha isimo sezulu kanye namanzi kanye nesixwayiso senhlekelele kusenesikhathi
Ukuqapha isimo sezulu kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamanzi yinkambu yendabuko nebaluleke kakhulu yemishini yokunisa imvula. Kunethiwekhi kazwelonke yokubuka isimo sezulu, amageji emvula namageji emvula amabhakede anquma ingqalasizinda yokuqoqwa kwedatha yemvula. Le datha ayiyona nje imingcele ebalulekile yokufaka isibikezelo sezulu, kodwa futhi idatha eyisisekelo yocwaningo lwesimo sezulu. Inethiwekhi ye-MeSO-scale rain gauge network (MESONET) eyasungulwa eMumbai ibonise ukubaluleka kwenethiwekhi yokuqapha ukuminyana okuphezulu - ngokuhlaziya idatha yesizini yezimvula ezinkulu kusukela ngo-2020 kuya ku-2022, abacwaningi babale ngempumelelo ukuthi isilinganiso sokuhamba kwesivinini semvula enkulu sasingu-10.3-17.4 amakhilomitha ngehora, futhi isiqondiso sasiphakathi kuka-20. Lokhu okutholakele kubaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni imodeli yokubikezela isiphepho sasemadolobheni. E-China, “Uhlelo Lweminyaka Eyi-14 Lweminyaka Emihlanu Lokuthuthukiswa Kwamanzi” lusho ngokucacile ukuthi kuyadingeka ukuthuthukisa inethiwekhi yokuqapha amanzi, kwandiswe ukuminyana nokunemba kokuqapha kwemvula, futhi kunikeze ukwesekwa ekulawuleni izikhukhula kanye nokwenziwa kwezinqumo zokuqeda isomiso.
Kusistimu yesixwayiso sangaphambi kwesikhathi kwezikhukhula, idatha yokuqapha ukuna kwemvula ngesikhathi sangempela idlala indima engenakuthathelwa indawo. Izinzwa zokuna kwemvula zisetshenziswa kakhulu ezinhlelweni zokuqapha okuzenzakalelayo kwe-hydrological kanye nokubika okuhloswe ngazo ukulawula izikhukhula, ukuthunyelwa kwamanzi, nokuphathwa kwesimo samanzi eziteshini zikagesi namadamu. Uma amandla emvula edlula i-threshold emisiwe, isistimu ingaqalisa isixwayiso ngokuzenzakalelayo ukuze ikhumbuze izindawo ezisezansi nomfula ukwenza amalungiselelo okulawula izikhukhula. Isibonelo, inzwa yokuna kwemvula yebhakede i-FF-YL inomsebenzi we-alamu yezikhathi ezintathu zemvula. Ingakhipha amazinga ahlukene omsindo, ukukhanya kanye nama-alamu ezwi asekelwe emvuleni enqwabelene, ngaleyo ndlela ithenge isikhathi esiyigugu sokuvimbela nokunciphisa izinhlekelele. Isixazululo sokuqapha ukuna kwemvula okungenantambo se-Campbell Scientific Company e-United States sibona ukudluliswa kwedatha ngesikhathi sangempela ngohlelo olubonakalayo lwe-CWS900, luthuthukisa kakhulu ukusebenza kahle kokuqapha ngo-10.
Ukuphathwa kwedolobha kanye nezicelo zokuhamba
Ukwakhiwa kwamadolobha ahlakaniphile kulethe izimo ezintsha zokufaka isicelo kubuchwepheshe bokuqapha ukuna kwemvula. Ekuqaphelweni kwezinhlelo zokudonsa amanzi emadolobheni, izinzwa zemvula ezisabalalisiwe zingabamba amandla emvula endaweni ngayinye ngesikhathi sangempela. Kuhlanganiswe nemodeli yenethiwekhi yokuhambisa amanzi, bangabikezela ingozi yezikhukhula zasemadolobheni futhi bathuthukise ukuthunyelwa kweziteshi zokupompa. Izinzwa zemvula ye-Piezoelectric, ezinosayizi wazo ohlangene (njenge-FT-Y1) nokuvumelana nezimo zemvelo okuqinile, zifaneleka ngokukhethekile ukufakwa okufihliwe ezindaweni zasemadolobheni 25. Iminyango yokulawula izikhukhula emadolobheni amakhulu njengeBeijing isiqalile ukuhlola amanethiwekhi okuqapha imvula ahlakaniphile asekelwe ku-inthanethi Yezinto. Ngokuhlanganiswa kwedatha yezinzwa eziningi, bahlose ukuzuza ukubikezela okunembayo kanye nokusabela ngokushesha ezikhukhuleni zasemadolobheni.
Emkhakheni wokuphathwa kwethrafikhi, izinzwa zemvula ziye zaba ingxenye ebalulekile yezinhlelo zokuthutha ezihlakaniphile. Amadivayisi emvula afakwe eduze kwemigwaqo kanye nemigwaqo yasemadolobheni angaqapha ukushuba kwemvula ngesikhathi sangempela. Uma kutholwa imvula enkulu, zizocupha ngokuzenzakalelayo izimpawu zemiyalezo eguquguqukayo ukuze zikhiphe izexwayiso zomkhawulo wesivinini noma zivule uhlelo lokudonsa amanzi emhubheni. Okuphawuleka nakakhulu ukuthandwa kwezinzwa zemvula yezimoto - lezi zinzwa ezikhanyayo noma ezine-capacitive, ngokuvamile ezifihliwe ngemuva kwe-wiper windshield, zingakwazi ukulungisa ngokuzenzakalelayo isivinini se-wiper ngokuvumelana nenani lemvula ena engilazini, okuthuthukisa kakhulu ukuphepha kokushayela esimweni sezulu sezulu. Imakethe yomhlaba wonke yezinzwa zemvula yezimoto iphethwe ikakhulukazi abahlinzeki abanjengoKostar, Bosch, kanye noDenso. Lawa madivayisi anemba amele izinga eliphambili lobuchwepheshe bokuzwa imvula.
Ukukhiqizwa kwezolimo kanye nocwaningo lwezemvelo
Ukuthuthukiswa kwezolimo olunembayo akunakuhlukaniswa nokuqapha imvula esikalini sensimu. Idatha yokuna kwemvula isiza abalimi ukuthi bathuthukise izinhlelo zokunisela, bagweme ukumosha amanzi ngenkathi beqinisekisa ukuthi izidingo zamanzi zezitshalo ziyahlangatshezwa. Izinzwa zemvula (njengamageji emvula ensimbi engagqwali) afakwe eziteshini zezulu zezolimo nezamahlathi anezici zekhono eliqinile lokulwa nokugqwala kanye nekhwalithi yokubukeka enhle kakhulu, futhi angasebenza ngokuzinza endaweni yasendle isikhathi eside. Ezindaweni ezinamagquma nezintaba, inethiwekhi esabalalisiwe yokuqapha ukuna kwemvula ingakwazi ukuthwebula umehluko wendawo ekuna kwemvula futhi inikeze izeluleko zomuntu siqu zezolimo zezindawo ezahlukene. Amanye amapulazi asethuthukile aseqalile ukuzama ukuxhumanisa idatha yemvula nezinhlelo zokuchelela ezizenzakalelayo ukuze kuzuzwe ukuphathwa kwamanzi okuhlakaniphile kweqiniso.
Ucwaningo lwe-Ecohydrology luphinde luncike ekubonweni kwemvula kwekhwalithi ephezulu. Ocwaningweni lwe-ecosystem yamahlathi, ukugadwa kwemvula ephakathi kwehlathi kungahlaziya umthelela wokunqamuka kwe-canopy lapho kunemvula. Ekuvikelweni kwamaxhaphozi, idatha yemvula iwukufaka okubalulekile ekubalweni kwebhalansi yamanzi; Emkhakheni wokongiwa kwenhlabathi namanzi, ulwazi lokuqina kwemvula luhlobene ngokuqondile nokunemba kwamamodeli okuguguleka kwenhlabathi 17. Abacwaningi base-Old Ha River Basin yase-China basebenzisa idatha yegeji yemvula ephansi ukuze bahlole ukunemba kwemikhiqizo yesathelayithi yemvula efana ne-TRMM ne-CMORPH, enikeza isisekelo esibalulekile sokuthuthukisa ama-algorithms wokuzwa kude. Lolu hlobo lwendlela yokuqapha “indawo-phansi ehlangene” seluba ipharadigm entsha ocwaningweni lwe-eco-hydrology.
Izinkambu ezikhethekile kanye nezicelo ezivelayo
Imboni yamandla namandla nayo isiqalile ukufaka ukubaluleka kokuqapha ukuna kwemvula. Amapulazi omoya asebenzisa idatha yokuna kwemvula ukuhlola ubungozi be-blade icing, kuyilapho iziteshi eziphehla ugesi zithuthukisa izinhlelo zazo zokuphehla ugesi ngokusekelwe kwisibikezelo sezulu semvula yendawo yokugeza. I-piezoelectric rain gauge sensor FT-Y1 isetshenziswe ohlelweni lokuqapha imvelo lwamapulazi omoya. Izinga layo lokushisa elibanzi lokusebenzisa -40 kuya ku-85 ℃ lifaneleka ngokukhethekile ukuqapha isikhathi eside ngaphansi kwezimo zezulu ezinzima.
Inkundla ye-aerospace inezidingo ezikhethekile zokuqapha imvula. Inethiwekhi yokuqapha imvula ezungeze umzila wezindiza wezindiza inikeza isiqinisekiso sokuphepha kwezindiza, kanti indawo yokwethulwa kwamarokhethi idinga ukubamba kahle isimo semvula ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuphepha kokwethulwa. Phakathi kwalezi zinhlelo zokusebenza eziyisihluthulelo, izikali zemvula zamabhakede ezithepha kakhulu (ezifana ne-Campbell TE525MM) zivame ukukhethwa njengezinzwa eziyinhloko. Ukunemba kwazo okungu-±1% (ngaphansi kwamandla emvula angu-≤10mm/hr) kanye nomklamo ongahlonyiswa ngamasongo angangeni moya uhlangabezana nezindinganiso eziqinile zomkhakha 10.
Imikhakha yocwaningo lwesayensi nezemfundo nayo yandisa ukusetshenziswa kwemishini yokuqapha imvula. Izinzwa zemvula zisetshenziswa njengezisetshenziswa zokufundisa nezokuhlola ku-meteorology, i-hydrology nesayensi yezemvelo emakolishi nasezikoleni zamabanga aphakeme ezobuchwepheshe ukusiza abafundi baqonde umgomo wokukalwa kwemvula. Amaphrojekthi esayensi yezakhamizi akhuthaza ukubamba iqhaza komphakathi ekubhekeni imvula futhi andise ukubhekwa kwenethiwekhi yokuqapha ngokusebenzisa amageji emvula angabizi kakhulu. Uhlelo lwezemfundo lwe-GPM (Global Precipitation Measurement) e-United States lubonisa ngokusobala izimiso kanye nokusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe benzwa bekude kubafundi ngokuhlaziywa okuqhathanisayo kwedatha yesathelayithi nemvula yaphansi.
Ngokuthuthukiswa kwe-inthanethi Yezinto, idatha enkulu nobuchwepheshe bobuhlakani bokwenziwa, ukugadwa kwemvula kusuka esilinganisweni semvula esisodwa kuya ekuboneni ngokubambisana okunamapharamitha amaningi kanye nokusekelwa kwezinqumo ezihlakaniphile. Uhlelo lokuqapha imvula yesikhathi esizayo luzohlanganiswa ngokuseduze nezinye izinzwa zemvelo (njengomswakama, isivinini somoya, umswakama wenhlabathi, njll.) ukuze kwakhiwe inethiwekhi yombono ophelele wemvelo, ukuhlinzeka ngokusekelwa kwedatha okubanzi nokunembayo komphakathi wesintu ukubhekana nokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu nezinselelo zemithombo yamanzi.
Ukuqhathaniswa kwesimo samanje sohlelo lokusebenza lobuchwepheshe bokuqapha igesi emhlabeni jikelele namazwe
Ubuchwepheshe bokuqapha igesi, njengokuqapha ukuna kwemvula, buyingxenye ebalulekile emkhakheni wombono wemvelo futhi budlala indima ebalulekile ekuguqukeni kwesimo sezulu emhlabeni wonke, ukuphepha kwezimboni, impilo yomphakathi kanye nezinye izici. Ngokusekelwe ezakhiweni zabo zezimboni, izinqubomgomo zemvelo namazinga obuchwepheshe, amazwe ahlukene nezifunda zethula amaphethini entuthuko ahlukile ocwaningweni nasekusetshenzisweni kobuchwepheshe bokuqapha igesi. Njengezwe elikhulu elikhiqizayo kanye nesikhungo sokusungula izinto zobuchwepheshe esithuthuka ngokushesha, iShayina yenze inqubekelaphambili emangalisayo ocwaningweni nasekuthuthukisweni nasekusetshenzisweni kwezinzwa zegesi. I-United States, ithembele emandleni ayo obuchwepheshe aqinile kanye nohlelo olujwayelekile oluphelele, igcina isikhundla esihamba phambili kubuchwepheshe bokuqapha igesi kanye nezinkambu zokufaka izicelo zenani eliphezulu. Amazwe aseYurophu akhuthaza ukusungulwa kobuchwepheshe bokuqapha obunemithetho eqinile yokuvikela imvelo. I-Japan ne-South Korea zinezikhundla ezibalulekile emkhakheni we-electronics yabathengi kanye nezinzwa zegesi yezimoto.
Ukuthuthukiswa Nokusetshenziswa Kobuchwepheshe Bokuqapha Igesi e-China
Ubuchwepheshe baseShayina bokuqapha igesi bubonise intuthuko esheshayo eminyakeni yamuva nje futhi buye benza inqubekelaphambili emangalisayo emikhakheni eminingi njengokuphepha kwezimboni, ukuqapha indawo ezungezile kanye nempilo yezokwelapha. Ukuqondiswa kwenqubomgomo kungamandla abalulekile okuqhuba ukwanda okusheshayo kwemakethe yokuqapha igesi yaseChina. “Uhlelo Lweminyaka Eyi-14 Lweminyaka Emihlanu Lokukhiqizwa Kwamakhemikhali Ayingozi” ngokusobala ludinga amapaki ezimboni zamakhemikhali ukuze asungule ukuqapha okugcwele kwegesi enobuthi neyingozi kanye nohlelo lokuxwayisa kusenesikhathi futhi lukhuthaze ukwakhiwa kwenkundla ehlakaniphile yokulawula ubungozi. Ngaphansi kwalesi sizinda senqubomgomo, imishini yokuqapha igesi yasekhaya isetshenziswe kabanzi ezimbonini ezisengozini enkulu njengamakhemikhali ephethiloli kanye nezimayini zamalahle. Isibonelo, izitholi zegesi enobuthi be-electrochemical kanye nezitholi zegesi evutha infrared seziphenduke ukulungiselelwa okujwayelekile kokuphepha kwemboni.
Emkhakheni wokuqapha imvelo, i-China isungule inethiwekhi yokuqapha ikhwalithi yomoya enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni, ehlanganisa amadolobha angama-338 nangaphezulu kwamadolobha ezweni lonke. Le nethiwekhi iqapha kakhulu amapharamitha ayisithupha, okuyi-SO₂, NO₂, CO, O₃, PM₂.₅ kanye ne-PM₁₀, phakathi kwawo ezine zokuqala ziyizinto ezingcolisa umoya. Idatha evela e-China National Environmental Monitoring Center ibonisa ukuthi kusukela ngo-2024, kuneziteshi zokuqapha izinga lomoya ezingeni likazwelonke ezingaphezu kuka-1,400, zonke ezihlome ngezihlaziyo zegesi ezizenzakalelayo. Idatha yesikhathi sangempela yenziwa itholakale emphakathini “nge-National Urban Air Quality Release Platform”. Lo mthamo omkhulu wokuqapha nokuminyana okukhulu uhlinzeka ngesisekelo sesayensi sezenzo zeShayina zokuvimbela nokulawula ukungcoliswa komoya.
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Isikhathi sokuthumela: Jun-11-2025