USolwazi Boyd uxoxa ngokuguquguquka okubucayi, okubangela ingcindezi okungabulala noma kubangele ukungakuthandi ukudla, ukukhula kancane kanye nokuba sengozini enkulu yezifo.
Kuyaziwa phakathi kwezazi zezilwane zasemanzini ukuthi ukutholakala kwezinto eziphilayo zokudla kwemvelo kunciphisa ukukhiqizwa kwezimfanzi kanye nezinhlobo eziningi zezinhlanzi emachibini cishe ku-500 kg ihektha ngalinye isitshalo ngasinye (kg/ha/crop). Emasikweni asetshenziswa kancane ngokuphakelayo okukhiqiziwe kanye nokushintshisana kwamanzi nsuku zonke kodwa akukho kungenisa umoya, ukukhiqizwa ngokuvamile kungafinyelela ku-1,500–2,000 kg/ha/isitshalo, kodwa ekuvuneni okukhulu, inani lokuphakelayo elidingekayo libangela ingozi enkulu yokugxilisa kancane kwe-DO. Ngakho-ke, i-oxygen encibilikisiwe (DO) iwushintsho olubalulekile ekuqinisweni kwesivuno se-aquaculture yamachibi.
I-aeration ngemishini ingasetshenziswa ukuze kwandiswe inani lokufakela okungenzeka futhi kuvunyelwe isivuno esikhulu. Amandla ehhashi ngalinye ngehektha ngalinye lokungenisa umoya azovumela cishe u-10-12 kg/ha wokudla nsuku zonke ezinhlotsheni eziningi zamasiko. Ukukhiqizwa kuka-10,000–12,000 kg/ha/isitshalo akuyona into engavamile ngezinga eliphezulu lokungenisa umoya. Isivuno esikhulu nakakhulu singatholakala emachibini afakwe ulayini wepulasitiki namathangi anamazinga aphezulu okungenisa umoya.
Umuntu akavamile ukuzwa ngokucindezelwa noma ukucindezelwa okuhlobene nomoya-mpilo ekukhiqizeni izinkukhu, izingulube nezinkomo ezifuywe lapho ziningi kakhulu, kodwa lezi zenzakalo zivame kakhulu ezilwaneni zasemanzini. Izizathu zokuncibilika kwe-oksijini zibaluleke kakhulu ekufuyweni kwezilwane zasemanzini zizochazwa.
Umoya oseduze nomhlaba uqukethe umoya-mpilo ongamaphesenti angu-20,95, i-nitrogen engamaphesenti angu-78.08, namaphesenti amancane esikhutha namanye amagesi. Inani lomoya-mpilo wamangqamuzana elidingekayo ukuze kugcwaliswe amanzi ahlanzekile kumfutho womoya ojwayelekile (760 milliliters we-mercury) kanye no-30 degrees-C ngu-7.54 mg ilitha ngalinye (mg/L). Yiqiniso, emini lapho i-photosynthesis iqhubeka, amanzi echibini ngokuvamile agcwala i-DO (i-concentration ingaba ngu-10 mg/L noma ngaphezulu emanzini angaphezulu), ngoba ukukhiqizwa komoya-mpilo nge-photosynthesis kukhulu kunokulahlekelwa komoya-mpilo ngokuphefumula nokusabalalisa emoyeni. Ebusuku lapho i-photosynthesis ima, ukugcwala komoyampilo okuncibilikisiwe kuzoncipha - kwesinye isikhathi ngaphansi kuka-3 mg/L kuvame kuthathwa njengokugxilisa okuphansi okwamukelekayo ezinhlobonhlobo eziningi zasemanzini ezifuywayo.
Izilwane eziphila emhlabeni ziphefumula umoya ukuze zithole umoya-mpilo wamangqamuzana, omuncwa nge-alveoli emaphashini azo. Izinhlanzi nezimfanzi kufanele zimpompe amanzi kuwo wonke ama-gill azo ukuze zimunce umoya-mpilo wamangqamuzana nge-gill lamellae yazo. Umzamo wokuphefumula noma wokupompa amanzi ngamagill udinga amandla ngokulingana nesisindo somoya noma amanzi ahilelekile.
Izisindo zomoya namanzi okufanele ziphefumulelwe noma ziphonswe ukuze kuvezwe izindawo zokuphefumula ku-1.0 mg womoya-mpilo wamangqamuzana zizobalwa. Ngenxa yokuthi umoya ungamaphesenti angu-20.95 oksijini, cishe u-4.8 mg womoya uzoqukatha umoya-mpilo ongu-1.0 mg.
Echibini lezimfanzi elinamanzi aqukethe usawoti ongu-30 ppt ku-30 degrees-C (ukuminyana kwamanzi = 1.0180 g/L) ukugcwala komoyampilo okuncibilikisiwe ekugcwaleni komkhathi ngu-6.39 mg/L. Ivolumu engu-0.156 L wamanzi izoqukatha u-1.0 mg womoya-mpilo, futhi izoba nesisindo esingamagremu angu-159 (159,000 mg). Lokhu kukhulu izikhathi ezingu-33,125 kunesisindo somoya esiqukethe i-oxygen engu-1.0 mg.
Amandla engeziwe asetshenziswa izilwane zasemanzini
Imfanzi noma inhlanzi kumelwe ichithe amandla amaningi kakhulu ukuze ithole inani lomoya-mpilo elilingana nelesilwane sasemhlabeni. Inkinga iba nkulu nakakhulu lapho ukugcwala komoyampilo oncibilikisiwe emanzini kuncipha ngoba amanzi amaningi kufanele aphonswe kuwo wonke ama-gill ukuze awaveze ku-oxygen ongu-1.0 mg.
Lapho izilwane zasemhlabeni zikhipha umoya-mpilo emoyeni, umoya-mpilo ubuyiselwa kalula, ngoba umoya uzungeza ngokukhululeka ngoba awuminyene kakhulu kunamanzi, isb, ukuminyana komoya ku-25 degrees-C kungu-1.18 g/L uma kuqhathaniswa no-995.65 g/L emanzini ahlanzekile ezingeni lokushisa elifanayo. Ohlelweni lwe-aquaculture, i-oxygen encibilikisiwe ekhishwa izinhlanzi noma izimfanzi kufanele ithathelwe indawo ngokusakazwa komoya-mpilo wasemkhathini emanzini, futhi ukujikeleza kwamanzi kuyadingeka ukuze kuhanjiswe umoya-mpilo oncibilikisiwe ophuma emanzini uye ekholomu yamanzi yezinhlanzi noma phansi ukuze uthole izimfanzi. Amanzi asinda kakhulu kunomoya futhi azungeza kancane kunomoya, ngisho noma ukuhambahamba kusizwa izindlela eziwumshini njengama-aerator.
Amanzi abamba inani elincane kakhulu le-oxygen uma kuqhathaniswa nomoya - ekugcwaliseni kanye no-30 degrees-C, amanzi ahlanzekile angamaphesenti angu-0.000754 oksijini (umoya ungamaphesenti angu-20.95). Nakuba i-oksijini yamangqamuzana ingangena ngokushesha ongqimbeni olungaphezulu lwesisindo samanzi, ukunyakaza komoya-mpilo oncibilikisiwe kuyo yonke inqwaba kuncike esilinganisweni sokuthi amanzi agcwele umoya-mpilo phezulu axutshwe nenqwaba yamanzi ngokuguquguquka. I-biomass enkulu yezinhlanzi noma izimfanzi echibini ingaqeda umoya-mpilo oncibilikile ngokushesha.
Ukunikeza umoya-mpilo kunzima
Ubunzima bokunikeza izinhlanzi noma izimfanzi umoya-mpilo bungaboniswa kanje. Izindinganiso zikahulumeni zivumela abantu abangaba ngu-4.7 ngemitha-skwele ngayinye emicimbini yangaphandle. Ake sithi umuntu ngamunye unesisindo somhlaba wonke esingama-62 kg, khona-ke kungaba ngu-2,914,000 kg/ha we-biomass yomuntu. Izinhlanzi nezimfanzi ngokuvamile zinesidingo somoya-mpilo wokuphefumula cishe esingama-300 mg oksijini/kg isisindo somzimba ngehora. Lesi sisindo se-biomass yezinhlanzi singaqeda umoya-mpilo oncibilikisiwe echibini lamanzi ahlanzekile elingama-cubic-metres ayi-10,000 ekuqaleni elaligcwele umoya-mpilo ku-30 degrees-C cishe emizuzwini emi-5, futhi izilwane zasesikolweni zizoncipha. Abantu abayizinkulungwane ezingamashumi amane nesikhombisa ehektheleni ngalinye emcimbini wangaphandle ngeke babe nobunzima bokuphefumula ngemva kwamahora ambalwa.
I-oksijeni ehlakazekile iyinhlobonhlobo ebucayi ngoba ingabulala izilwane zasemanzini ngokuqondile, kodwa ngokungapheli, ukuhlushwa kwe-oksijeni encibilikile ephansi kugcizelela izilwane zasemanzini eziholela ekungathandini ukudla, ukukhula kancane kanye nokuba sengozini enkulu yezifo.
Ukulinganisa ukuminyana kwezilwane kanye nokufaka kokudla
I-oxygen encibilikisiwe ephansi nayo ihlotshaniswa nokuvela kwama-metabolite angaba nobuthi emanzini. Lobu buthi buhlanganisa i-carbon dioxide, i-ammonia, i-nitrite ne-sulfide. Njengomthetho ojwayelekile, emachibini lapho izici zekhwalithi zamanzi eziyisisekelo zomthombo wamanzi zifanelekela isiko lezinhlanzi kanye nezimfanzi, izinkinga zekhwalithi yamanzi zizoba ezingavamile inqobo nje uma ukuhlushwa kwe-oksijeni encibilikile okwanele kuqinisekiswa. Lokhu kudinga ukulinganisa amanani esitokwe kanye nokudla nokutholakala komoyampilo oncibilikisiwe ngemithombo yemvelo noma njengoba kulekelelwa ngokufaka umoya ohlelweni lwamasiko.
Esikweni lamanzi aluhlaza emachibini, ukugcwala komoyampilo oncibilikisiwe kubaluleke kakhulu ebusuku. Kepha ezinhlotsheni ezintsha zesiko, isidingo somoya-mpilo oncibilikisiwe sikhulu futhi ukugcwala komoyampilo oncibilikisiwe kufanele kugcinwe ngokuqhubekayo ngokufakwa umoya ngemishini.
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Isikhathi sokuthumela: Sep-30-2024