USolwazi Boyd uxoxa ngenguquko ebalulekile, ebangela ukucindezeleka engabulala noma ibangele ukungakuthandi ukudla, ukukhula kancane kanye nokuthambekela okukhulu ezifweni.
Kwaziwa kahle phakathi kwabalimi bezinhlanzi ukuthi ukutholakala kokudla kwemvelo kunciphisa ukukhiqizwa kwezinhlanzi kanye nezinhlobo eziningi zezinhlanzi emachibini kube cishe ama-500 kg ngehektha ngalinye ngesitshalo (kg/ha/isitshalo). Ekulimeni okunokudla okukhiqizwayo kanye nokushintshana kwamanzi nsuku zonke kodwa kungekho umoya, ukukhiqizwa ngokuvamile kungafinyelela ku-1,500–2,000 kg/ha/isitshalo, kodwa uma isivuno sikhulu, inani lokudla elidingekayo libangela ingozi enkulu yokugcwala kwe-DO ephansi. Ngakho-ke, i-oxygen encibilikisiwe (DO) iyinguquko ebalulekile ekukhuleni kwesivuno sezinhlanzi zasemachibini.
Umoya ongenisa umoya ngomshini ungasetshenziswa ukwandisa inani lokufakwa kokudla okungenzeka futhi kuvumele isivuno esikhulu. Amandla ehhashi ngalinye ngehektha ngalinye lomoya ongenisa umoya azovumela cishe ama-10-12 kg/ha wokudla nsuku zonke ezinhlotsheni eziningi ezifuywayo. Ukukhiqizwa kwama-10,000–12,000 kg/ha/isivuno akuyona into engavamile ngesilinganiso esiphezulu somoya ongenisa umoya. Isivuno esikhulu nakakhulu singatholakala emachibini afakwe ipulasitiki nasematangini anesilinganiso esiphezulu somoya ongenisa umoya.
Umuntu akavamile ukuzwa ngokuminyana noma ukucindezeleka okuhlobene nomoya-mpilo ekukhiqizweni kwezinkukhu, izingulube nezinkomo ezikhuliswe ngobuningi obukhulu, kodwa lezi zenzakalo zivame kakhulu ekufuyweni kwezinhlanzi. Izizathu ezenza umoya-mpilo oncibilikisiwe ube ubaluleke kangaka ekufuyweni kwezinhlanzi zizochazwa.
Umoya oseduze nomhlaba uqukethe umoya-mpilo ongu-20.95%, i-nitrogen engu-78.08%, kanye namaphesenti amancane e-carbon dioxide kanye namanye amagesi. Inani le-oxygen yama-molecule elidingekayo ukuze kugcwaliswe amanzi ahlanzekile ngokucindezela okujwayelekile komoya-mpilo (amamililitha angu-760 e-mercury) kanye nama-degrees-C angu-30 lingu-7.54 mg ngelitha (mg/L). Yiqiniso, emini lapho i-photosynthesis iqhubeka, amanzi echibini ngokuvamile agcwala kakhulu nge-DO (ukuhlushwa kungaba ngu-10 mg/L noma ngaphezulu emanzini angaphezulu), ngoba ukukhiqizwa komoya-mpilo nge-photosynthesis kukhulu kunokulahlekelwa umoya-mpilo ngokuphefumula nokusabalala emoyeni. Ebusuku lapho i-photosynthesis iyeka, ukuhlushwa komoya-mpilo oncibilikisiwe kuzoncipha - ngezinye izikhathi okungaphansi kuka-3 mg/L kuvame ukubhekwa njengokuhlushwa okuncane okwamukelekayo kwezinhlobo eziningi zasemanzini ezifuywayo.
Izilwane zasemhlabeni ziphefumula umoya ukuze zithole umoya-mpilo wama-molecule, omuncwa nge-alveoli emaphashini azo. Izinhlanzi nezimfanzi kumele zipompe amanzi ezimbotsheni zazo ukuze zimunce umoya-mpilo wama-molecule nge-lamellae yazo yama-gill. Umzamo wokuphefumula noma wokupompa amanzi ezimbotsheni udinga amandla ngokulingana nesisindo somoya noma amanzi ahilelekile.
Isisindo somoya namanzi okumele siphefumulelwe noma sipompelwe ukuze kuvele izindawo zokuphefumula ku-1.0 mg we-molecule oxygen sizobalwa. Ngenxa yokuthi umoya ungu-20.95% we-oxygen, cishe u-4.8 mg womoya uzoqukatha u-1.0 mg we-oxygen.
Echibini lezinhlanzi elinamanzi aqukethe usawoti ongu-30 ppt kuma-degrees-C angu-30 (ubuningi bamanzi = 1.0180 g/L) ukugcwala komoya-mpilo oncibilikisiwe lapho kugcwala umoya-mpilo kungu-6.39 mg/L. Umthamo wamanzi ongu-0.156 L ungaqukatha u-1.0 mg womoya-mpilo, futhi ungalinganisa amagremu angu-159 (159,000 mg). Lokhu kukhulu ngokuphindwe izikhathi ezingu-33,125 kunesisindo somoya oqukethe umoya-mpilo ongu-1.0 mg.
Amandla engeziwe asetshenziswa yizilwane zasemanzini
I-shrimp noma inhlanzi kumele ichithe amandla amaningi ukuze ithole inani elifanayo le-oxygen kunesilwane sasemhlabeni. Inkinga iba nkulu nakakhulu lapho ukugcwala kwe-oxygen encibilikisiwe emanzini kwehla ngoba amanzi amaningi kumele apompelwe ezimbotsheni ukuze zitholakale ku-oxygen engu-1.0 mg.
Uma izilwane zasemhlabeni zisusa umoya-mpilo emoyeni, umoya-mpilo ubuyiselwa kalula, ngoba umoya ujikeleza ngokukhululeka ngoba awuminyene kakhulu kunamanzi, isib., ubuningi bomoya kuma-degrees Celsius angu-25 bungu-1.18 g/L uma kuqhathaniswa no-995.65 g/L wamanzi ahlanzekile ekushiseni okufanayo. Ohlelweni lokufuya izilwane zasemanzini, umoya-mpilo oncibilikisiwe osuswe yizinhlanzi noma izimfanzi kumele uthathelwe indawo ngokusabalala komoya-mpilo womkhathi emanzini, futhi ukujikeleza kwamanzi kuyadingeka ukuhambisa umoya-mpilo oncibilikisiwe usuka ebusweni bamanzi uye ekholomu yamanzi yezinhlanzi noma phansi kwezimfanzi. Amanzi asinda kunomoya futhi ajikeleza kancane kunomoya, ngisho nalapho ukujikeleza kusizakala ngezindlela zemishini ezifana nama-aerator.
Amanzi aphethe inani elincane kakhulu le-oxygen uma kuqhathaniswa nomoya - lapho kugcwala khona kanye nama-degrees Celsius angu-30, amanzi ahlanzekile angu-0.000754% we-oxygen (umoya ungu-20.95% we-oxygen). Nakuba i-oxygen yama-molecule ingangena ngokushesha engxenyeni engaphezulu yesisindo samanzi, ukunyakaza kwe-oxygen encibilikisiwe kuyo yonke inqwaba kuncike esilinganisweni sokuthi amanzi agcwele i-oxygen ebusweni axutshwa nesisindo samanzi ngokushintshashintsha kwe-convection. I-biomass enkulu yenhlanzi noma i-shrimp echibini ingawuqeda ngokushesha umoya-mpilo oncibilikisiwe.
Ukunikeza umoya-mpilo kunzima
Ubunzima bokunikeza izinhlanzi noma ama-shrimp umoya-mpilo bungaboniswa kanje. Izindinganiso zikahulumeni zivumela abantu abangaba ngu-4.7 ngemitha yesikwele emicimbini yangaphandle. Ake sithi umuntu ngamunye unesisindo sesilinganiso somhlaba wonke esingu-62 kg, khona-ke kungaba ngu-2,914,000 kg/ha we-biomass yomuntu. Izinhlanzi nama-shrimp ngokuvamile zinesidingo se-oxygen sokuphefumula cishe u-300 mg we-oxygen/kg wesisindo somzimba ngehora. Lesi sisindo se-biomass yezinhlanzi singaqeda i-oxygen encibilikisiwe echibini lamanzi ahlanzekile elingamamitha ayi-10,000 cubic ekuqaleni eligcwele umoya-mpilo ku-30 degrees-C cishe ngemizuzu emi-5, futhi izilwane ezifuywayo zingacinana. Abantu abayizinkulungwane ezingamashumi amane nesikhombisa ngehektare ngalinye emcimbini wangaphandle ngeke babe nobunzima bokuphefumula ngemva kwamahora amaningana.
I-oxygen encibilikisiwe iyinguquko ebalulekile ngoba ingabulala izilwane zasemanzini ngqo, kodwa ngokungapheli, ukugcwala kwe-oxygen encibilikisiwe okuphansi kucindezela izilwane zasemanzini okuholela ekungathandi ukudla, ukukhula kancane kanye nokuthambekela okukhulu ezifweni.
Ukulinganisela ubuningi bezilwane kanye nokudla okungenayo
Umoya-mpilo oncibilikisiwe ophansi nawo uhlotshaniswa nokuvela kwama-metabolites angaba yingozi emanzini. Lawa ma-toxin afaka phakathi i-carbon dioxide, i-ammonia, i-nitrite kanye ne-sulfide. Njengomthetho ojwayelekile, emachibini lapho izici eziyisisekelo zekhwalithi yamanzi yomthombo wamanzi zifanelekela ukukhuliswa kwezinhlanzi kanye nezimfanzi, izinkinga zekhwalithi yamanzi ziyoba ezingavamile uma nje kuqinisekisiwe ukugcwala okwanele komoya-mpilo oncibilikisiwe. Lokhu kudinga ukulinganisela amazinga okugcina kanye nokondla ngokutholakala komoya-mpilo oncibilikisiwe ngemithombo yemvelo noma njengoba kufakwe umoya ohlelweni lokukhuliswa.
Ekukhuleni kwamanzi aluhlaza emachibini, ukugcwala komoya-mpilo oncibilikisiwe kubaluleke kakhulu ebusuku. Kodwa ezinhlotsheni ezintsha, ezibanzi kakhulu zokukhuliswa, isidingo somoya-mpilo oncibilikisiwe sikhulu futhi ukugcwala komoya-mpilo oncibilikisiwe kumele kugcinwe njalo ngokuphefumula komshini.
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Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Septhemba-30-2024