Njengesizwe esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni esihlala ezindaweni ezishisayo esinemvula eningi kanye nezimo zezulu ezimbi kakhulu, i-Indonesia ibhekene nezikhukhula njengenhlekelele yemvelo evame kakhulu futhi ebhubhisayo. Ukuze kuxazululwe le nselele, uhulumeni wase-Indonesia ukhuthaze ngamandla ukwakhiwa kweSistimu Yesixwayiso Sangaphambi Kwesikhathi Sezikhukhula (FEWS) yesimanje esekelwe kwi-Intanethi Yezinto (IoT) kanye nobuchwepheshe bokuzwa obuthuthukisiwe eminyakeni yamuva nje. Phakathi kwalezi zobuchwepheshe, amamitha okugeleza kwe-radar, ama-rain gauge, kanye nezinzwa zokufuduka zisebenza njengamadivayisi ayinhloko okuthola idatha, edlala indima ebalulekile.
Okulandelayo yisibonelo esibanzi sesicelo esibonisa ukuthi lobu buchwepheshe busebenza kanjani ndawonye ekusebenzeni.
I. Isizinda Sephrojekthi: IJakarta kanye neSizinda Somfula iCiliwung
- Indawo: Inhloko-dolobha yase-Indonesia, iJakarta, kanye nesigodi soMfula iCiliwung esigeleza edolobheni.
- Inselele: IJakarta iphansi futhi inabantu abaningi kakhulu. UMfula iCiliwung uvame ukugcwala ngesikhathi semvula, okubangela izikhukhula ezinkulu zasemadolobheni kanye nezikhukhula zemifula, okubangela usongo olukhulu empilweni nasempahleni. Izindlela zesexwayiso zendabuko ezisekelwe ekubonweni ngesandla azisakwazi ukuhlangabezana nesidingo sezexwayiso zakuqala ezisheshayo nezinembile.
II. Ucwaningo Oluningiliziwe Lwesicelo Sobuchwepheshe
I-FEWS kulesi sifunda uhlelo oluzenzakalelayo oluhlanganisa ukuqoqwa kwedatha, ukudluliselwa, ukuhlaziywa, kanye nokusabalalisa. Lezi zinhlobo ezintathu zezinzwa zakha "izinzwa zemizwa" zesistimu.
1. Isilinganiso Semvula – “Indawo Yokuqala” Yesexwayiso Sasekuqaleni
- Ubuchwepheshe kanye Nomsebenzi: Amageyiji emvula afakwa ezindaweni ezibalulekile endaweni ephezulu yoMfula iCiliwung (isb., indawo yaseBogor). Alinganisa ubukhali bemvula kanye nokuqongelela kwayo ngokubala inani lezikhathi lapho ibhakede elincane liwela khona ngemva kokugcwaliswa ngamanzi emvula. Le datha iwukufaka kokuqala nokubaluleke kakhulu kokubikezela izikhukhula.
- Isimo Sokusetshenziswa: Ukuqapha imvula yesikhathi sangempela ezindaweni ezingenhla komfula. Imvula enkulu iyimbangela eqondile kakhulu yokwenyuka kwamazinga emifula. Idatha idluliselwa ngesikhathi sangempela esikhungweni sokucubungula idatha esimaphakathi ngamanethiwekhi angenantambo (isb., i-GSM/GPRS noma i-LoRaWAN).
- Indima: Inikeza izixwayiso ezisekelwe emvuleni. Uma ubuningi bemvula endaweni ethile budlula umkhawulo obekwe ngaphambilini esikhathini esifushane, uhlelo lukhipha ngokuzenzakalelayo isexwayiso sokuqala, okubonisa ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi kube nezikhukhula ezansi komfula futhi kuthengwe isikhathi esibalulekile sokuphendula okulandelayo.
2. Imitha Yokugeleza Kwerada – “Iso Eliqaphile” Eliyinhloko
- Ubuchwepheshe kanye Nomsebenzi: Amamitha okugeleza kwe-radar angathintani (ngokuvamile afaka phakathi izinzwa zamanzi ze-radar kanye nezinzwa zejubane lobuso be-radar) afakwa emabhulohweni noma emabhange oMfula iCiliwung kanye nemifudlana yawo eyinhloko. Alinganisa ukuphakama kwezinga lamanzi (H) kanye nejubane lobuso bomfula (V) ngokunembile ngokukhipha ama-microwave aye ebusweni bamanzi bese ethola izimpawu eziboniswayo.
- Isimo Sokusetshenziswa: Zithatha indawo yezinzwa zokuthintana zendabuko (njengezinzwa ze-ultrasonic noma zengcindezi), ezivame ukuvaleka futhi zidinga ukulungiswa okwengeziwe. Ubuchwepheshe be-radar abunazo izinsalela, okuqukethwe yizibi, kanye nokugqwala, okwenza kube kuhle kakhulu ezimweni zomfula zase-Indonesia.
- Indima:
- Ukuqapha Izinga Lamanzi: Kuqapha amazinga emifula ngesikhathi sangempela; kuqalisa izexwayiso emazingeni ahlukene ngokushesha uma izinga lamanzi lidlula imingcele yesixwayiso.
- Ukubalwa Kokugeleza: Kuhlanganiswe nedatha yesigaba somfula esihleliwe ngaphambilini, uhlelo lubala ngokuzenzakalelayo ukuphuma komfula ngesikhathi sangempela (Q = A * V, lapho u-A kuyindawo yesigaba somfula). Ukuphuma kwamanzi kuyinkomba yesayensi kakhulu yamanzi kunezinga lamanzi kuphela, okunikeza isithombe esinembile kakhulu sesilinganiso namandla esikhukhula.
3. Inzwa Yokufuduka – “I-Health Monitor” Yengqalasizinda
- Ubuchwepheshe Nomsebenzi: Amamitha okuqhekeka kanye nama-tiltmeter afakiwe kwingqalasizinda ebalulekile yokulawula izikhukhula, njengezinsika, izindonga zokulondoloza, kanye nezisekelo zamabhuloho. Lezi zinzwa zokufuduka zingaqapha ukuthi isakhiwo siyaqhekeka, siyahlala, noma siyathambekela ngezinga lamamilimitha noma ngokunemba okuphezulu.
- Isimo Sokusetshenziswa: Ukuncipha komhlaba kuyinkinga enkulu ezingxenyeni zaseJakarta, okubeka usongo lwesikhathi eside ekuphepheni kwezakhiwo zokulawula izikhukhula njengezimbobo. Izinzwa zokufuduka zifakwa ezindaweni ezibalulekile lapho kungenzeka khona kube nezingozi.
- Indima: Inikeza izixwayiso zokuphepha kwesakhiwo. Ngesikhathi sesikhukhula, amazinga aphezulu amanzi acindezela kakhulu ama-levee. Izinzwa zokufuduka zingabona ukuguquguquka okuncane esakhiweni. Uma izinga lokuguquguquka lishesha noma lidlula umkhawulo wokuphepha ngokuzumayo, uhlelo lukhipha i-alamu, okubonisa ingozi yezinhlekelele zesibili njengokuwa kwedamu noma ukudilika komhlaba. Lokhu kuqondisa ukuphuma kwabantu kanye nokulungiswa okuphuthumayo, kuvimbele imiphumela eyinhlekelele.
III. Ukuhlanganiswa Kwesistimu Nokuqhutshwa Komsebenzi
Lezi zinzwa azisebenzi zodwa kodwa zisebenza ngokubambisana ngeplatifomu ehlanganisiwe:
- Ukutholwa Kwedatha: Inzwa ngayinye iqoqa idatha ngokuzenzakalelayo nangokuqhubekayo.
- Ukudluliswa Kwedatha: Idatha idluliselwa ngesikhathi sangempela kuseva yedatha yesifunda noma ephakathi ngamanethiwekhi okuxhumana angenantambo.
- Ukuhlaziywa Kwedatha Nokwenza Izinqumo: Isofthiwe yokulingisa amanzi esikhungweni ihlanganisa imvula, izinga lamanzi, kanye nedatha yokukhipha amanzi ukuze kusetshenziswe ukulingiswa kwezibikezelo zezikhukhula, kubikezelwe isikhathi sokufika kanye nobukhulu besikhathi sezikhukhula. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, idatha yenzwa yokufuduka ihlaziywa ngokwehlukana ukuze kuhlolwe ukuzinza kwengqalasizinda.
- Ukusatshalaliswa Kwesexwayiso: Uma noma yiliphi iphuzu elilodwa ledatha noma inhlanganisela yedatha idlula imikhawulo ebekiwe ngaphambilini, uhlelo lukhipha izexwayiso emazingeni ahlukene ngeziteshi ezahlukahlukene njenge-SMS, izinhlelo zokusebenza zeselula, imithombo yezokuxhumana, kanye nama-siren ezinhlanganweni zikahulumeni, iminyango yokusabela eziphuthumayo, kanye nomphakathi emiphakathini eseceleni komfula.
IV. Ukusebenza Kahle kanye Nezinselele
- Ukusebenza kahle:
- Isikhathi Esingeziwe Sokuhola: Izikhathi zokuxwayisa sezithuthukile kusukela emahoreni ambalwa nje esikhathini esidlule kuya emahoreni angu-24-48 manje, okuthuthukisa kakhulu amakhono okusabela ezimweni eziphuthumayo.
- Ukwenza Izinqumo Zesayensi: Ama-oda okufuduka kanye nokwabiwa kwezinsizakusebenza kunembile futhi kuyasebenza, ngokusekelwe kudatha yesikhathi sangempela kanye namamodeli okuhlaziya.
- Ukulahlekelwa Ukuphila Nempahla Okuncishisiwe: Izexwayiso zangaphambi kwesikhathi zivimbela ngqo ukulimala futhi zinciphise umonakalo wempahla.
- Ukuqapha Ukuphepha Kwengqalasizinda: Kuvumela ukuqapha impilo okuhlakaniphile nokujwayelekile kwezakhiwo zokulawula izikhukhula.
- Izinselele:
- Izindleko Zokwakha Nokulungisa: Inethiwekhi yezinzwa ehlanganisa indawo enkulu idinga ukutshalwa kwezimali okukhulu kokuqala kanye nezindleko zokulungisa eziqhubekayo.
- Ukumbozwa Kokuxhumana: Ukumbozwa kwenethiwekhi okuzinzile kusalokhu kuyinselele ezindaweni ezikude ezinezintaba.
- Ukwaziswa Komphakathi: Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi imiyalezo yesixwayiso ifinyelela kubasebenzisi bokugcina futhi ibashukumisele ukuba bathathe isinyathelo esifanele kudinga imfundo eqhubekayo kanye nokuzilolonga.
Isiphetho
I-Indonesia, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezinobungozi obukhulu bezikhukhula njengeJakarta, yakha uhlelo lokuxwayisa kusengaphambili oluqinile ngokusebenzisa amanethiwekhi ezinzwa athuthukile amelwe amamitha okugeleza kwe-radar, ama-rain gauge, kanye nezinzwa zokufuduka. Lolu cwaningo lubonisa ngokucacile ukuthi imodeli yokuqapha ehlanganisiwe—ehlanganisa isibhakabhaka (ukuqapha imvula), umhlabathi (ukuqapha imifula), kanye nobunjiniyela (ukuqapha ingqalasizinda)—ingashintsha kanjani indlela yokusabela enhlekeleleni kusukela ekusindiseni ngemva kwesigameko kuya ekuxwayisweni kwangaphambi kwesigameko kanye nokuvimbela okusebenzayo, okuhlinzeka ngolwazi oluwusizo oluwusizo emazweni nasezifundeni ezibhekene nezinselele ezifanayo emhlabeni jikelele.
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Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Septhemba-22-2025