Indaba Eyisibonelo Ngohlelo Lwesexwayiso Sangaphambi Kwezikhukhula lwase-Indonesia: Umkhuba Wesimanje Wokuhlanganisa I-Radar, Imvula, kanye Nezinzwa Zokuthutha

Njengezwe elikhulu kunazo zonke leziqhingi emhlabeni, elitholakala ezindaweni ezishisayo ezinemvula eningi kanye nezimo zesimo sezulu esibi kakhulu, i-Indonesia ibhekene nezikhukhula njengenhlekelele yemvelo evame kakhulu futhi ebhubhisayo. Ukuze kubhekwane nale nselelo, uhulumeni wase-Indonesia ukhuthaze ngamandla ukwakhiwa Kwesistimu Yesixwayiso Esiphuthumayo Yezikhukhula (FEWS) esekelwe ku-inthanethi Yezinto (IoT) kanye nobuchwepheshe benzwa obuthuthukile eminyakeni yamuva. Phakathi kwalobu buchwepheshe, amamitha okugeleza kwe-radar, izikali zemvula, nezinzwa zokuthutha zisebenza njengamadivayisi ayinhloko wokutholwa kwedatha, adlala indima ebalulekile.

Okulandelayo yicala lesicelo elibanzi elibonisa ukuthi lobu buchwepheshe busebenza kanjani ndawonye ekusebenzeni.

I. Isendlalelo sephrojekthi: I-Jakarta kanye ne-Ciliwung River Basin

• Indawo: Inhloko-dolobha yase-Indonesia, iJakarta, kanye nomfula iCiliwung ogeleza phakathi kwedolobha.
• Inselele: I-Jakarta iyindawo ephansi futhi inabantu abaningi kakhulu. Umfula iCiliwung ujwayele ukuchichima ngesikhathi sezimvula, okubangela izikhukhula ezinkulu zasemadolobheni nezikhukhula zemifula, okubeka engcupheni impilo nempahla. Izindlela zokuxwayisa zendabuko ezincike ekuboneni okwenziwa ngesandla azikwazanga ukuhlangabezana nesidingo sezixwayiso zakuqala ezisheshayo nezinembile.

II. Indaba enemininingwane yesicelo sobuchwepheshe

I-FEWS kulesi sifunda iwuhlelo oluzenzakalelayo oluhlanganisa ukuqoqwa kwedatha, ukudluliswa, ukuhlaziya, nokusatshalaliswa. Lezi zinhlobo ezintathu zezinzwa zakha “imizwa yezinzwa” yesistimu.

1. I-Rain Gauge - "Indawo Yokuqala" Yesexwayiso Sakuqala

• Ubuchwepheshe Nomsebenzi: Izikali zemvula zamabhakede ezithiphu zifakwa ezindaweni ezibalulekile endaweni yamanzi engaphezulu yomfula iCiliwung (isb, indawo yaseBogor). Bakala amandla emvula nokunqwabelana ngokubala inani lezikhathi lapho ibhakede elincane lidlula khona ngemva kokugcwalisa amanzi emvula. Le datha iwukufaka kokuqala nokubaluleke kakhulu kokubikezela kwezikhukhula.
• Isimo sohlelo lokusebenza: Ukuqapha imvula ngesikhathi sangempela ezindaweni ezikhuphuka nomfula. Imvula enkulu iyimbangela eqondile yokukhuphuka kwamazinga emifula. Idatha idluliselwa ngesikhathi sangempela esikhungweni sokucubungula idatha ngamanethiwekhi angenawaya (isb, i-GSM/GPRS noma i-LoRaWAN).
• Iqhaza: Inikeza izexwayiso ezisekelwe emvuleni. Uma ukuqina kwemvula endaweni ethile yeqa umkhawulo obekwe ngaphambilini phakathi nesikhathi esifushane, uhlelo luzikhipha ngokuzenzakalelayo isexwayiso sokuqala, esibonisa amathuba okukhukhula kwemvula nokuthenga isikhathi esibalulekile sokuphendula okulandelayo.

2. I-Radar Flow Meter - I-Core "Iso Eliqaphile"

• Ubuchwepheshe Nomsebenzi: Amamitha okugeleza kwe-radar okungaxhunywanwa naye (ngokuvamile ahlanganisa izinzwa zezinga lamanzi e-radar nezinzwa zesivinini se-radar) afakwa kumabhuloho noma osebeni olugudle uMfula i-Ciliwung kanye nemingenela yawo emikhulu. Bakala ubude bezinga lamanzi (H) kanye nesivinini somfula (V) ngokunembile ngokukhipha ama-microwave aye endaweni yamanzi futhi bathole amasignali abonisiwe.
• Isimo sohlelo lokusebenza: Zithatha indawo yezinzwa ezijwayelekile zokuxhumana (njengezinzwa ze-ultrasonic noma zokucindezela), ezijwayele ukuvala futhi zidinga ukulungiswa okwengeziwe. Ubuchwepheshe be-radar abukwazi ukumelana nemfucumfucu, inzika, nokugqwala, okuyenza ifaneleke kakhulu izimo zomfula wase-Indonesia.
• Indima:
  • Ukuqapha Izinga Lamanzi: Kuqapha amazinga emifula ngesikhathi sangempela; icupha izexwayiso emazingeni ahlukene ngokushesha uma izinga lamanzi selidlule imikhawulo eyisixwayiso.
  • Ukubala Ukugeleza: Kuhlanganiswe nedatha yesigaba esiwela umfula esihlelwe ngaphambili, isistimu ibala ngokuzenzakalelayo ukuphuma kwesikhathi sangempela komfula (Q = A * V, lapho u-A eyindawo enqamulayo). Ukuphuma kwamanzi kuyinkomba yesayensi ye-hydrological eyengeziwe kunezinga lamanzi kuphela, okunikeza isithombe esinembe kakhudlwana sesikali namandla ezikhukhula.

3. Inzwa yokufuduka – “Isiqaphi Sezempilo” Sengqalasizinda

• Ubuchwepheshe Nomsebenzi: Amamitha okuqhekeka nama-tiltmeter afakwa engqalasizinda ebalulekile yokulawula izikhukhula, njengamalevu, izindonga ezibambayo, nezisekelo zamabhuloho. Lezi zinzwa zokuthutha zingaqapha ukuthi ingabe isakhiwo siyaqhekeka, siyahlala, noma siyatsheka ngezinga lemilimitha noma ukunemba okuphezulu.
• Isimo Sesicelo: Ukuncishiswa komhlaba kuyinkinga ebucayi ezingxenyeni ezithile ze-Jakarta, okubeka usongo lwesikhathi eside ekuphepheni kwezakhiwo zokulawula izikhukhula njengama-levees. Izinzwa zokuthutha zisetshenziswa ezigabeni ezibalulekile lapho ubungozi bungenzeka khona.
• Iqhaza: Ihlinzeka ngezixwayiso zokuphepha kwesakhiwo. Ngesikhathi sezikhukhula, amazinga aphezulu amanzi afaka ingcindezi enkulu kuma-levees. Izinzwa zokuthutha zingathola ukuwohloka kwamaminithi esakhiweni. Uma izinga lokuguquguquka lisheshisa ngokuzumayo noma lidlula umkhawulo wokuphepha, uhlelo lukhipha i-alamu, ebonisa ubungozi bezinhlekelele zesibili njengokungaphumeleli kwedamu noma ukudilika kwenhlabathi. Lokhu kuqondisa ukuphuma kanye nokulungiswa kwezimo eziphuthumayo, ukuvimbela imiphumela eyinhlekelele.

III. Ukuhlanganiswa Kwesistimu nokuhamba komsebenzi

Lezi zinzwa azisebenzi zodwa kodwa zisebenza ngokubambisana ngeplathifomu ehlanganisiwe:

1. Ukutholwa Kwedatha: Inzwa ngayinye ngokuzenzakalelayo futhi ngokuqhubekayo iqoqa idatha.
2. Ukudluliswa Kwedatha: Idatha idluliselwa ngesikhathi sangempela kuseva yedatha yesifunda noma emaphakathi ngamanethiwekhi okuxhumana angenantambo.
3. Ukuhlaziywa Kwedatha Nokwenza Izinqumo: Isofthiwe ye-Hydrological modelling esikhungweni ihlanganisa imvula, izinga lamanzi, kanye nedatha yokukhishwa ukuze iqalise ukulingisa isibikezelo sezikhukhula, ibikezela isikhathi sokufika nesikali senani eliphakeme lezikhukhula. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, idatha yenzwa yokususwa ihlaziywa ngokuhlukana ukuze kuhlolwe ukuqina kwengqalasizinda.
4. Ukusabalalisa Isixwayiso: Uma noma iyiphi iphoyinti ledatha elilodwa noma inhlanganisela yedatha idlula imikhawulo esethwe ngaphambilini, isistimu ikhipha izexwayiso kumaleveli ahlukene ngamashaneli ahlukahlukene njenge-SMS, izinhlelo zokusebenza zeselula, inkundla yezokuxhumana, namasiren eziya kuma-ejensi kahulumeni, iminyango yezimo eziphuthumayo, kanye nomphakathi emiphakathini eseceleni komfula.

IV. Ukusebenza Nezinselele

• Ukusebenza kahle:
  • Isikhathi Esengeziwe Sokuhola: Izikhathi zokuxwayisa ziye zaba ngcono ukusuka emahoreni ambalwa nje edlule kuya emahoreni angama-24-48 manje, okukhuphula kakhulu amandla okuphendula izimo eziphuthumayo.
  • Ukwenziwa Kwezinqumo Zesayensi: Ama-oda okuphuma nokwabiwa kwezinsiza kunembe kakhudlwana futhi kusebenza kahle, ngokusekelwe kudatha yesikhathi sangempela namamodeli okuhlaziya.
  • Ukunciphisa Ukulahleka Kokuphila Nempahla: Izixwayiso zangaphambi kwesikhathi zivimbela ukulimala futhi zinciphise umonakalo wempahla.
  • Ukuqapha Ukuphepha Kwengqalasizinda: Kunika amandla ukuqapha kwezempilo okuhlakaniphile nokujwayelekile kwezinhlaka zokulawula izikhukhula.
• Izinselelo:
  • Izindleko Zokwakha Nezokunakekela: Inethiwekhi yezinzwa ehlanganisa indawo enkulu idinga ukutshalwa kwezimali okubalulekile kokuqala kanye nezindleko zokulungisa eziqhubekayo.
  • Ukusabalala Kwezokuxhumana: Ukufakwa kwenethiwekhi okuzinzile kuseyinselele ezindaweni ezikude ezinezintaba.
  • Ukuqwashisa Komphakathi: Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi imilayezo yesixwayiso ifinyelela kubasebenzisi bokugcina futhi ubatshele ukuthi bathathe isinyathelo esifanele kudinga imfundo eqhubekayo kanye nokuzivocavoca.

Isiphetho

I-Indonesia, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezisengozini enkulu yezikhukhula njenge-Jakarta, yakha uhlelo lokuxwayisa ngezikhukhula oluqinile ngokuthumela amanethiwekhi enzwa athuthukisiwe amelelwa amamitha okugeleza kwe-radar, amageji emvula, nezinzwa zokuthutha. Lolu cwaningo lwesibonelo lubonisa ngokucacile ukuthi imodeli yokuqapha edidiyelwe-ehlanganisa isibhakabhaka (ukuqapha imvula), umhlabathi (ukuqapha umfula), kanye nobunjiniyela (ukuqapha ingqalasizinda) -ingagudluza i-paradigm yokusabela kwezinhlekelele kusukela ekutakulweni kwangemva komcimbi kuya kwesixwayiso sangaphambi komcimbi kanye nokuvimbela okusebenzayo, okuhlinzeka ngolwazi oluwusizo olubalulekile emazweni nasezifundeni ezibhekene nezinselele ezifanayo emhlabeni wonke.

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