Ngenkathi izingxenye zomshini zigcwala kakhulu emvuleni futhi ziqhekeka ngenxa yesichotho, inzwa engenazo izingxenye ezihambayo iba 'umlindi othule' wokubuka kwesimo sezulu - hhayi nje ukubala imvula, kodwa nokuthola ukuthi iyiphi i-drop ngayinye eyingqayizivele.
Sekungamakhulu eminyaka, umqondo oyinhloko wokulinganisa imvula uhlale ungashintshi: bamba amanzi emvula esitsheni esisendaweni eyaziwayo, bese uwakala, uwalinganise, noma uwabale. Kusukela kuma-rain gauge asendulo aseShayina kuya kumamodeli esimanje ebhakede eligobile, ingqikithi ibilokhu “ibamba” kanye “nobuningi.”
Noma kunjalo, kuyaqhubeka ukuguquka okuthule kokuqonda. Inzwa yemvula ebonakalayo—noma i-disdrometer ebonakalayo—ilahla zonke izingxenye zemishini. Ayiqoqi imvula; kunalokho, “ihlola” isibhakabhaka ngokukhanya, njengomseshi wefiziksi ongakhathali, idala “iphrofayili yedijithali” esheshayo yazo zonke izinhlayiya zemvula ezidlula ensimini yayo yokubuka.
Umongo Wezobuchwepheshe: Lapho Ukukhanya Kuhlangana Nethonsi Lemvula
Isimiso sayo sokusebenza sinhle kakhulu ku-physics yayo:
- Khipha Futhi Uthole: Inzwa ikhipha ukukhanya okugxile kakhulu kwe-laser noma kwe-infrared, kanye nesamukeli esiqondile se-optical ekugcineni okuphambene.
- Ukuguqulwa Kwesignali Nokuphazamiseka: Uma kungekho mvula, umamukeli uthola isignali ezinzile. Lapho nje ithonsi lemvula (noma iqhwa, itshe lesichotho) liwela umsebe, livimba okwesikhashana futhi lisakaze ukukhanya, okubangela "ukucwila" okuphawulekayo esignalini etholakele.
- Ukubala Okuhlakaniphile: Iprosesa esebhodini ihlaziya ubude kanye nokujula kwalesi siginali ngesikhathi sangempela. Ama-algorithms ayinkimbinkimbi abese ethola ububanzi bezinhlayiya ngazinye kanye nesivinini sokuwa.
- Ukukhishwa Kwedatha: Ngezibalo eziqhubekayo, akuvezi nje kuphela imvula iyonke kanye nobukhulu bayo, kodwa futhi nokusatshalaliswa kosayizi wethonsi, futhi kungahlukanisa ngisho phakathi kwemvula, iqhwa, isichotho, kanye nokuna kwemvula.
Kungani Lokhu Kuyinguquko? Izinzuzo Ezine Eziphazamisayo
1. Ukunemba Okuphelele, Sala Kahle “Ekubaleni Okungaphansi”
Amageyiji ebhakede elijikayo lendabuko angabalwa kancane kakhulu ngesikhathi semvula enkulu (amaphutha angaphezu kuka-20%) njengoba ibhakede lingakwazi ukuphenduka ngokushesha okwanele. Amasampula ezinzwa zokukhanya atholakala ngesivinini samasekhondi ayi-milli, afinyelela ukuphelela kwedatha okungaphezu kuka-99% ngisho nasezivunguvungwini ezinamandla kakhulu, avelele ekubambeni ukuqala, ukuphela, kanye nezikhathi zemvula eziqondile.
2. Idatha Enezilinganiso Eziningi: Kusukela “Kuphelele” Kuya “Kusithombe”
Amadivayisi endabuko aphendula kuphela ngokuthi “ingakanani.” Izinzwa zokubona zidweba “isithombe se-microphysical” semvula: Ingabe yakhiwe ngamaconsi amancane angenakubalwa noma ibuswa ambalwa amakhulu? Lokhu kubalulekile ekutadisheni ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi (amaconsi amakhulu abhubhisa kakhulu), ukulinganiswa kwe-radar, ukuqinisekiswa kwemodeli yesimo sezulu, kanye nokubikezela kwamanzi.
3. Ukusebenza Okungenakulungiswa, Ukungabi Nasibindi Ezindaweni Ezibucayi
Njengoba ingenazo izingxenye zomshini zokuqandisa, ukuvala, ukuguguleka, noma ukugqwala, ukwakheka kwayo "kwesimo esiqinile" kuvumela ukuthunyelwa eziqongweni zezintaba ezikude, ama-buoy asolwandle, izimoto ezihambayo, kanye nama-drones. Ayidingi ukunakekelwa, isikhathi sokuphila esingaphezu kweminyaka eyishumi.
4. Ukuhambisana kwe-IoT yendabuko
Ngokwemvelo, idatha idluliselwa ngqo ngamanethiwekhi angenantambo. Yindawo efanele yokwakha amanethiwekhi okubuka isimo sezulu anabantu abaningi, angabizi kakhulu, futhi ahlakaniphile, enikeza idatha engakaze ibonwe ngaphambili yokulawula izikhukhula zedolobha ngobuhlakani, ezolimo ezinembile, ukuphepha kwezindiza, kanye nocwaningo lwesayensi.
Izimo Zesicelo Esishintsha Umhlaba
Isimo 1: “Umshayi Wezindaba” Wezikhukhula Ezisheshayo
E-Swiss Alps, amanethiwekhi ezinzwa zokukhanya asetshenziswa ezindaweni ezimanzi aphansi awahlinzeki nje kuphela ngenani elinembile lemvula, kodwa ngedatha yobukhulu bemvula yesikhathi sangempela, anquma ukuthi imvula “iyingozi enkulu yokugeleza kwamanzi” (amaconsi amakhulu) noma “ingozi encane.” Ngo-2023, uhlelo olunjalo lwanikeza isexwayiso esibalulekile sangaphambi kwemizuzu engu-45 ngesikhukhula esisheshayo uma kuqhathaniswa namanethiwekhi avamile.
Isimo 2: “INqabayokulinda” Yokuphepha Esikhumulweni Sezindiza
Esikhumulweni Sezindiza saseFrankfurt, izinzwa zokukhanya eceleni kwemigwaqo zihlukanisa ngesikhathi sangempela phakathi kwemvula ebandayo, ama-pellets eqhwa, kanye neqhwa, zithumela idatha yohlobo kanye nokuqina ngqo kumaqembu okulawula kanye namaqembu okususa iqhwa. Lokhu kwandise ukusebenza kahle kokususa iqhwa ngo-30% futhi kwathuthukisa kakhulu ukuphepha kokuthatha/ukuthatha izinqumo zokufika.
Isimo 3: “I-Microscope” Yocwaningo Lwezolimo
Ithimba locwaningo lwe-UC lisebenzisa izinzwa zokukhanya ukuhlaziya izici "zemvula" ezikhiqizwa izindlela ezahlukene zokunisela (i-drip vs. sprinkler). Idatha isize ukuthuthukisa ukwakheka kwekhanda le-sprinkler, yathuthukisa ukufana kwamanzi okunisela ngo-15% kanye nokunciphisa uqweqwe lwenhlabathi olubangelwa amaconsi amakhulu.
Isimo 4: “Umgcini Wezincwadi” Wesayensi Yesimo Sezulu
Eziteshini zocwaningo zase-Antarctica, izinzwa zokukhanya ziphakathi kweziqaphi ezimbalwa zemvula ezisebenza unyaka wonke ku--50°C. Zinikeza ososayensi amarekhodi okuqala aqhubekayo nanembile emvula eqinile (iqhwa, ikristalu leqhwa) esifundeni, okuthuthukisa amamodeli esimo sezulu somhlaba wonke.
Izinselele Nekusasa: Okuncane, Okuhlakaniphile, Yonke Indawo
Njengamanje, izinzwa zokukhanya zibiza kakhulu kunezomshini ezivamile futhi zidinga ukulevelishwa ngokucophelela ngesikhathi sokufakwa. Kodwa ikusasa licacile:
- Izindleko Zokunciphisa Ukukhanya Nokwehla Kwe-Chip-Scale: Ubuchwepheshe be-MEMS (Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems) buhlanganisa amayunithi okuzwa okukhanya kuma-chip, kanti izindleko kulindeleke ukuthi zifinyelele ezimakethe zabathengi zingakapheli iminyaka emihlanu.
- Ukuqashelwa Okuthuthukisiwe kwe-AI: Ama-algorithms okufunda komshini asetshenziswa ukuhlonza nokuhlunga izimpawu ezingezona imvula (njengezinambuzane, uthuli) nokuhlukanisa ngokunembile izinhlobo zemvula.
- “Ubuhlakani Bokuswakama” Obunenethiwekhi: Izinkulungwane zezinzwa ezincane ezisebenzisa ama-micro-optical ezakha amanethiwekhi aminyene zizodweba “amasimu emvula e-3D” ngobukhulu bedolobha, zibone ngeso lengqondo ukunyakaza kanye nokuvela kwemvula ngesikhathi sangempela.
Isiphetho: Kusukela “Ekulinganiseni Isimo Sezulu” Kuya “Ekuqondeni I-Atmospheric Physics”
Ukubaluleka kwenzwa yemvula ebonakalayo kudlulela ngale kokunikeza izinombolo ezinembile kakhulu. Kuphawula ukuguquka kokubuka kwesimo sezulu kanye nokwamanzi kusukela enkathini yokulinganisa okukhulu kuya enkathini yokuhlaziywa okuncane.
Okokuqala ngqa, kusenza sikwazi “ukubona” amayunithi ayisisekelo ezinhlayiya zemvula ngezinga elikhulu futhi ngendlela engabizi, okwenza yonke imvula neqhwa kube umfudlana wedatha olungele ukuhlaziywa okujulile. Lo msebe wokukhanya othule awukhanyisi nje kuphela indlela yamaconsi emvula, kodwa futhi nendlela yabantu eya ekuphathweni okuhlakaniphile nokuningiliziwe kwemithombo yamanzi enkathini yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu.
Uma sidlulela ngale kokubuza ukuthi “ingakanani imvula enayo” siya ekubuzeni ukuthi “Kanjani“Imvula yana,” siqala isahluko esisha ku-hydrometeorology ngempela.
Isethi ephelele yamaseva kanye ne-software engenantambo module, isekela i-RS485 GPRS /4g/WIFI/LORA/LORAWAN
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Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Disemba-09-2025