Isifinyezo
Njengenye yamazwe athuthuke kakhulu e-Afrika, iNingizimu Afrika ibhekene nezinselelo ezinkulu zekhwalithi yomoya kanye nokuphepha okuvela ezimayini, ekukhiqizeni, kanye nokuhlala emadolobheni. Ubuchwepheshe bezinzwa zegesi, njengethuluzi lokuqapha lesikhathi sangempela nelinembile, busetshenziswa kabanzi emikhakheni eminingana ebalulekile eNingizimu Afrika. Lolu cwaningo lugxile ekusetshenzisweni kwezinzwa zegesi ekuphepheni kwezimayini, ukuqapha ukungcola komoya emadolobheni, ukulawulwa kokukhishwa kwegesi ezimbonini, kanye nezindlu ezihlakaniphile, kuhlaziywe umthelela wazo ekuthuthukiseni ukuphepha, ukuthuthukiswa kwemvelo, kanye nezinzuzo zomnotho.
1. Izimo Zokusebenza
Isakhiwo sezomnotho esiyingqayizivele saseNingizimu Afrika kanye nemvelo yezenhlalo zinikeza izimo ezahlukahlukene zokusetshenziswa kwezinzwa zegesi:
1. Ukuqapha Ukuphepha Kwezimayini
- Ingemuva: Imboni yezimayini iyinsika yomnotho waseNingizimu Afrika kodwa futhi ingumkhakha onengozi enkulu. Imisebenzi engaphansi komhlaba ivame ukunqwabelana kwamagesi anobuthi futhi avuthayo (isb., i-methane (CH₄), i-carbon monoxide (CO2), i-hydrogen sulfide (H₂S)), okuholela ekuminyanisweni, ukuqhuma, kanye nezehlakalo zobuthi.
- Isicelo:
- Izitholi zegesi eziqinile neziphathekayo ziyimpoqo kuzo zonke izimayini ezingaphansi komhlaba.
- Abavukuzi bagqoka izinzwa zabo zegesi eziningi ukuze baqaphe indawo ebazungezile ngesikhathi sangempela.
- Izinzwa ezixhunyiwe ezixhunyiwe zifakwa emihubheni eyisihluthulelo kanye nobuso obusebenzayo ukuze ziqaphe njalo ukugcwala kwe-CH₄ kanye ne-CO2, zidlulise idatha ngesikhathi sangempela ezikhungweni zokulawula indawo.
- Izinhlobo Zezinzwa Ezisetshenzisiwe: Ukushiswa kwe-Catalytic (amagesi avuthayo), i-electrochemical (amagesi anobuthi), izinzwa ze-infrared (CH₄, CO₂).
2. Ukuqapha Ikhwalithi Yomoya Wasemadolobheni
- Ingemuva: Amadolobha amakhulu afana neGoli nePitoli, kanye nezindawo zezimboni ezinabantu abaningi njenge-“Carbon Valley” eSifundazweni saseMpumalanga, ahlushwa ukungcoliswa komoya isikhathi eside. Izinto ezingcolisayo ezibalulekile zifaka phakathi i-sulfur dioxide (SO₂), i-nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), i-ozone (O₃), kanye ne-particulate matter (PM2.5, PM10).
- Isicelo:
- Amanethiwekhi Kahulumeni: Uhulumeni waseNingizimu Afrika usungule inethiwekhi kazwelonke yokuqapha ikhwalithi yomoya equkethe iziteshi zokuqapha ezihleliwe emadolobheni amaningi. Lezi ziteshi zihlonyiswe ngezinzwa zegesi ezinembile kakhulu kanye nezinzwa zezinto ezincane zokuqapha ukuhambisana nemithetho kanye nezixwayiso zezempilo zomphakathi.
- Ukuqapha Izinga Lomphakathi: Emadolobheni afana neKapa neTheku, izinhlangano zomphakathi seziqalile ukusebenzisa ama-node enzwa yegesi ashibhile, aphathekayo ukuze kugcwaliswe izikhala kunethiwekhi yokuqapha esemthethweni futhi kutholakale idatha yokungcola okuhlanganisiwe ezingeni lomphakathi.
- Izinhlobo Zezinzwa Ezisetshenzisiwe: Izinzwa ze-Metal oxide semiconductor (MOS), izinzwa ze-electrochemical, izinzwa ze-optical (laser scattering) zama-particulate matter.
3. Ukulawulwa Kokukhishwa Kwegesi Ezimbonini kanye Nezinqubo
- Ingemuva: INingizimu Afrika inezindawo ezinkulu zokuphehla ugesi, izindawo zokuhluza, izindawo zamakhemikhali, kanye nezindawo zensimbi, okuyimithombo emikhulu yokukhishwa komoya ongcolile ezimbonini.
- Isicelo:
- Izinhlelo Zokuqapha Ukukhishwa Okuqhubekayo (CEMS): Ezigunyazwe ngokomthetho, amafektri amakhulu afaka i-CEMS ezinqolobaneni zokubhema, ahlanganisa izinhlobo ezahlukene zezinzwa zegesi ukuze aqaphe njalo ukukhishwa kokungcola okufana ne-SO₂, NOx, CO₂, kanye ne-CO₂, ukuqinisekisa ukulandelwa kwezindinganiso zikazwelonke zokukhishwa kokungcola.
- Ukuphepha Nokwenza Kahle Inqubo: Ezinqubweni zamakhemikhali nezokuhlanza, izinzwa zisetshenziselwa ukuthola ukuvuza kwamagesi avuthayo nanobuthi emapayipini nasemathangini okusabela, ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha kwemishini. Ziphinde zithuthukise izinqubo zokushisa, zithuthukise ukusebenza kahle kukaphethiloli, futhi zinciphise ukukhiqizwa kwegesi elahliwe.
- Izinhlobo Zezinzwa Ezisetshenzisiwe: I-Ultraviolet/infrared spectroscopy (ye-CEMS), i-catalytic combustion kanye nezinzwa ze-electrochemical (zokuthola ukuvuza).
4. Ukuphepha Kwezindlu Nezebhizinisi (Izindlu Ezihlakaniphile)
- Ingemuva: Ezindaweni zasemadolobheni, igesi kaphethiloli ewuketshezi (LPG) iwuphethiloli ovamile wokupheka, futhi ukusetshenziswa okungafanele kungaholela ekuvuvukeni nasekuqhumeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-CO ekhiqizwa yimililo “ingumbulali” othule.
- Isicelo:
- Inani elikhulayo lemindeni yesigaba esiphakathi kanye nezindawo zezentengiselwano (isb., izindawo zokudlela, amahhotela) zifaka ama-alamu e-smart gas kanye nama-alamu e-carbon monoxide.
- Lawa madivayisi ngokuvamile anezinzwa ze-metal oxide (MOS) noma ze-electrochemical ezakhelwe ngaphakathi. Uma amazinga e-LPG noma e-CO edlula amazinga aphephile, aqala ngokushesha ama-alamu omsindo nokubukwayo ane-decibel ephezulu. Eminye imikhiqizo ethuthukisiwe ingathumela nezaziso zokucindezela kumafoni abasebenzisi nge-Wi-Fi ukuze kutholakale izaziso ezikude.
- Izinhlobo Zezinzwa Ezisetshenzisiwe: Izinzwa ze-Metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) (ze-LPG), izinzwa ze-electrochemical (ze-CO).
2. Ukusebenza Kokusebenza
Ukusetshenziswa kabanzi kwezinzwa zegesi kulethe izinzuzo ezinkulu ezindaweni eziningi eNingizimu Afrika:
1. Ukuphepha Emsebenzini Okuthuthukisiwe Kakhulu
- Ukusebenza kahle: Emkhakheni wezimayini, izinzwa zegesi sezibe ubuchwepheshe obusindisa impilo. Ukuqapha ngesikhathi sangempela kanye nezixwayiso zakuqala kuye kunciphisa kakhulu izehlakalo zokuqhuma kwegesi okuvuthayo kanye nezehlakalo zobuthi obukhulu ezimayini. Lapho amazinga egesi esondela emikhawulweni eyingozi, izinhlelo zivula ngokuzenzakalelayo imishini yokungenisa umoya noma zikhiphe imiyalo yokukhipha, zinikeze abavukuzi isikhathi esibalulekile sokubaleka.
2. Ukusekelwa Kwedatha Yokuphathwa Kwemvelo
- Ukusebenza Kahle: Inethiwekhi kazwelonke yezinzwa zekhwalithi yomoya ikhiqiza inani elikhulu ledatha eqhubekayo yemvelo. Le datha isebenza njengesisekelo sesayensi sokuthi uhulumeni akhe futhi ahlole izinqubomgomo zokulawula ukungcoliswa komoya (isb., amazinga okukhishwa komoya). Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukushicilelwa kwangempela kwe-Air Quality Index (AQI) kusiza amaqembu asengozini (isb., iziguli ze-asthma) ukuthatha izinyathelo zokuzivikela ngezinsuku ezingcolile, kuvikelwe impilo yomphakathi.
3. Ukusiza Ukuthobela Imithetho Yenkampani Nokusebenzisa Kahle Izindleko
- Ukusebenza Kahle: Kwamabhizinisi ezimboni, ukufaka izinhlelo zokuqapha ukukhishwa kwegesi kuqinisekisa ukuba semthethweni kokusebenza, kugwema izinhlawulo ezinkulu zokungalandeli imithetho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusetshenziswa kwezinzwa ekulawuleni inqubo kuthuthukisa ukuhamba komsebenzi, kunciphisa imfucuza yezinto zokusetshenziswa, futhi kunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla, kunciphisa ngqo izindleko zokusebenza.
4. Ukuthuthukiswa Kokuqwashisa Komphakathi kanye Nokuhlanganyela Komphakathi
- Ukusebenza kahle: Ukuvela kwezinzwa zomphakathi ezingabizi kakhulu kuvumela izakhamuzi ukuthi ziqonde (ngokuqonda) amazinga okungcola endaweni yazo eseduze, kunciphisa ukuthembela kuphela kudatha kahulumeni. Lokhu kuphakamisa ukuqwashisa ngemvelo komphakathi futhi kunika amandla imiphakathi ukuthi icindezele uhulumeni kanye namabhizinisi angcolisa ngokusekelwe ebufakazini, ikhuthaze ubulungiswa bemvelo futhi ivumele ukubhekwa okusuka phansi kuya phezulu.
5. Ukuvikelwa Kokuphila Nempahla Emakhaya
- Ukusebenza kahle: Ukwanda kwezinzwa zegesi/i-CO zasekhaya kuvimbela ngempumelelo imililo yasekhaya kanye nokuqhuma okubangelwa ukuvuza kwegesi, kanye nezinhlekelele zokushiswa kwe-CO ngesikhathi sokushisa kwasebusika, okunikeza izakhamuzi zasemadolobheni umugqa wokugcina wokuzivikela obalulekile.
3. Izinselele Nekusasa
Naphezu kwempumelelo ephawulekayo, kusenezinselelo ekukhuthazeni ubuchwepheshe bezinzwa zegesi eNingizimu Afrika:
- Izindleko Nokugcinwa: Ukuthengwa, ukufakwa, kanye nokulinganiswa njalo kwezinzwa ezinembe kakhulu kuhilela izindleko ezinkulu eziqhubekayo kokubili kuhulumeni kanye namabhizinisi.
- Ukunemba Kwedatha: Izinzwa ezishibhile zisengozini yezici zemvelo ezifana nokushisa nomswakama, ngezinye izikhathi kuphakamisa imibuzo mayelana nokunemba kwedatha. Zidinga ukusetshenziswa kanye nezindlela zokuqapha zendabuko.
- Izikhala Zobuchwepheshe: Izindawo zasemakhaya ezikude ziyahluleka ukufinyelela amanethiwekhi okuqapha athembekile.
Uma sibheka phambili, intuthuko ku-Inthanethi Yezinto (IoT), ubuhlakani bokwenziwa (AI), kanye nobuchwepheshe bezinzwa kuzoqhuba inethiwekhi yokuqapha igesi yaseNingizimu Afrika ibe nobuhlakani obukhulu, ubuningi, kanye nokusebenza kahle kwezindleko. Izinzwa zizohlanganiswa nama-drones kanye nokuzwa okukude kwesathelayithi ukuze kwakheke inethiwekhi yokuqapha "esibhakabhakeni". Ama-algorithms e-AI azokwenza kube lula ukulandelelwa kwemithombo yokungcola kanye nezixwayiso zokubikezela, okuhlinzeka ngokusekelwa okuqinile kwentuthuko eqhubekayo yaseNingizimu Afrika kanye nokuphepha kanye nenhlalakahle yabantu bayo.
Isiphetho
Ngokusebenzisa kabanzi ubuchwepheshe bezinzwa zegesi, iNingizimu Afrika ithole imiphumela emangalisayo ekuphepheni kwezimayini, ukuqapha imvelo, ukuthobela imithetho yezimboni, kanye nokuvikela amakhaya. Lawa “makhala e-elekthronikhi” awasebenzi nje kuphela njengabalindi abavikela izimpilo kodwa futhi asebenza njengamathuluzi abalulekile okukhuthaza ukuphathwa kwemvelo kanye nentuthuko eluhlaza. Imikhuba yaseNingizimu Afrika inikeza imodeli ewusizo kwamanye amazwe asathuthuka afuna ukusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obusha ukubhekana nezinselelo zendabuko.
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Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Agasti-27-2025