Abstract
Njengelinye lamazwe athuthuke kakhulu kwezimboni e-Afrika, iNingizimu Afrika ibhekene nezinselelo ezinzima zekhwalithi yomoya kanye nezinselelo zokuphepha ezivela ezimayini, ezokukhiqiza kanye nokufudukela emadolobheni. Ubuchwepheshe bezinzwa zegesi, njengethuluzi lokuqapha lesikhathi sangempela nelinembile, busetshenziswa kakhulu emikhakheni eminingana ebalulekile eNingizimu Afrika. Lolu cwaningo oluyisibonelo lugxile ekusetshenzisweni kwezinzwa zegesi ekuphepheni kwezimayini, ukuqapha ukungcoliswa komoya emadolobheni, ukulawula ukungcola kwezimboni, kanye namakhaya ahlakaniphile, ukuhlaziya umthelela wazo ekuthuthukisweni kokuphepha, ukuthuthukiswa kwemvelo, kanye nezinzuzo zezomnotho.
1. Izimo Zokusebenza
Isakhiwo somnotho esiyingqayizivele saseNingizimu Afrika kanye nendawo yenhlalo yomphakathi ihlinzeka ngezimo ezihlukene zokusebenzisa izinzwa zegesi:
1. Ukuqapha Ukuphepha Kwezimayini
- Isendlalelo: Imboni yezimayini iyinsika yomnotho waseNingizimu Afrika kodwa futhi iwumkhakha osengozini enkulu. Ukusebenza ngaphansi komhlaba kuthambekele ekuqongeleleni amagesi anobuthi navuthayo (isb., i-methane (CH₄), i-carbon monoxide (CO), i-hydrogen sulfide (H₂S)), okuholela ekucineni, ekuqhumeni, nasezigamekweni ezinoshevu.
- Isicelo:
- Izitholi zegesi ezingaguquki neziphathwayo ziyimpoqo kuzo zonke izimayini ezingaphansi komhlaba.
- Abavukuzi bagqoka izinzwa ze-multi-gas ukuze baqaphe indawo ebazungezile ngesikhathi sangempela.
- Izinzwa ezigxilile zenethiwekhi zifakwa emhubheni oyinhloko nasebusweni obusebenzayo ukuze kuqashwe ngokuqhubekayo ukugxila kwe-CH₄ ne-CO, kudlulise idatha ngesikhathi sangempela ezikhungweni zokulawula ngaphezulu.
- Izinhlobo zezinzwa ezisetshenzisiwe: Ukuvutha kwe-Catalytic (amagesi avuthayo), i-electrochemical (amagesi anobuthi), izinzwa ze-infrared (CH₄, CO₂).
2. Ukuqapha Ikhwalithi Yomoya Wasemadolobheni
- Isendlalelo: Amadolobha amakhulu afana neGoli nePitoli, kanye nezindawo zezimboni eziminyene kakhulu “njengeCarbon Valley” esifundazweni saseMpumalanga, zihlushwa ukungcoliswa komoya isikhathi eside. Izinto ezingcolisayo ezibalulekile zifaka i-sulphur dioxide (SO₂), i-nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), i-ozone (O₃), ne-particle (PM2.5, PM10).
- Isicelo:
- Amanethiwekhi Kahulumeni: Uhulumeni waseNingizimu Afrika usesungule inethiwekhi kazwelonke yokuqapha izinga lomoya ehlanganisa iziteshi zokuqapha ezingaguquki emadolobheni amaningi. Lezi ziteshi zifakwe izinzwa zegesi ezinemba okuphezulu nezinzwa zezinhlayiyana zokuqapha ukuthobelana nezixwayiso zezempilo zomphakathi.
- Ukuqapha Izinga Lomphakathi: Emadolobheni afana neKapa kanye neTheku, izinhlangano zomphakathi seziqalile ukutshala izinzwa zegesi ezingabizi kakhulu, eziphathwayo ukuze zivale izikhala kuhleloxhumano lokuqapha olusemthethweni futhi zithole imininingwane yokungcola kwezinga lomphakathi.
- Izinhlobo Zezinzwa Ezisetshenzisiwe: Izinzwa ze-Metal oxide semiconductor (MOS), izinzwa ze-electrochemical, i-optical (i-laser scattering) izinzwa zezinhlayiyana.
3. Ukukhishwa Kwezimboni kanye Nokulawulwa Kwenqubo
- Isendlalelo: INingizimu Afrika isingatha izimboni ezinkulu zikagesi oshisayo, izindawo zokuhluzwa, izimboni zamakhemikhali, nezindawo zensimbi, okuyimithombo emikhulu yokukhipha umoya wezimboni.
- Isicelo:
- I-Continuous Emission Monitoring Systems (CEMS): Igunyazwe ngokomthetho, amafekthri amakhulu afaka i-CEMS kuma-smokestacks, ahlanganisa uhla lwezinzwa zegesi ukuze aqaphe ngokuqhubekayo ukukhishwa kwezinto ezingcolile ezifana ne-SO₂, NOx, CO, ne-CO₂, ukuqinisekisa ukuthotshelwa kwezindinganiso zokukhishwa kwezwe.
- Inqubo Yokuphepha Nokuthuthukisa: Ezinqubweni zamakhemikhali nokucwengisiswa, izinzwa zisetshenziselwa ukubona ukuvuza kwamagesi avuthayo nobuthi kumapayipi namathangi okusabela, ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha kwemishini. Baphinde bathuthukise izinqubo zokuvutha, bathuthukise ukusebenza kahle kukaphethiloli, futhi banciphise ukukhiqizwa kwegesi engcolile.
- Izinhlobo zezinzwa ezisetshenziswayo: I-Ultraviolet/i-infrared spectroscopy (ye-CEMS), i-catalytic combustion kanye nezinzwa ze-electrochemical (zokuthola ukuvuza).
4. Ukuphepha Kwezindawo Zokuhlala Nezohwebo (Amakhaya Ahlakaniphile)
- Isendlalelo: Ezindaweni zasemadolobheni, i-liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) iwuphethiloli ovamile wokupheka, futhi ukusetshenziswa ngendlela engafanele kungaholela ekuvuzeni nasekuqhumeni. Ukwengeza, i-CO ekhiqizwa umlilo “ingumbulali” othule.
- Isicelo:
- Inani elikhulayo lemizi esezingeni eliphakathi nezikhungo zezentengiso (isb., izindawo zokudlela, amahhotela) bafaka ama-alamu egesi ahlakaniphile nama-alamu e-carbon monoxide.
- Lawa madivayisi ngokuvamile afaka i-metal oxide (MOS) eyakhelwe ngaphakathi noma izinzwa ze-electrochemical. Uma ukugxilisa kwe-LPG noma kwe-CO kudlula amazinga aphephile, ngokushesha kucupha ama-alamu omsindo nokubukwayo e-decibel ephezulu. Eminye imikhiqizo ethuthukisiwe ingaphinda ithumele izaziso zohlelo lokusebenza emafonini wabasebenzisi nge-Wi-Fi ukuze uthole izexwayiso ezikude.
- Izinhlobo zezinzwa ezisetshenzisiwe: Izinzwa ze-Metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) (ze-LPG), izinzwa ze-electrochemical (ze-CO).
2. Ukusebenza Kwesicelo
Ukusetshenziswa kabanzi kwezinzwa zegesi kulethe izinzuzo ezibalulekile ezindaweni eziningi eNingizimu Afrika:
1. Ukuphepha Kwasemsebenzini Okuthuthukiswe Kakhulu
- Ukusebenza kahle: Emkhakheni wezimayini, izinzwa zegesi seziphenduke ubuchwepheshe obusindisa ukuphila. Ukuqapha kwesikhathi sangempela kanye nezexwayiso zangaphambi kwesikhathi kuye kwanciphisa kakhulu izehlakalo zokuqhuma kwegesi evuthayo kanye nezigameko eziningi zobuthi ezimayini. Uma ukugcwala kwegesi kusondela emikhawulweni eyingozi, amasistimu avula ngokuzenzakalelayo okokusebenza kokukhipha umoya noma akhiphe ama-oda okuphuma, anikeze abavukuzi isikhathi esibalulekile sokuphunyuka.
2. Ukwesekwa Kwedatha Yokulawulwa Kwemvelo
- Ukusebenza kahle: Inethiwekhi yezwe lonke yezinzwa zekhwalithi yomoya ikhiqiza inani elikhulu ledatha eqhubekayo yezemvelo. Le datha isebenza njengesisekelo sesayensi kuhulumeni ukuze enze futhi ahlole izinqubomgomo zokulawula ukungcoliswa komoya (isb., izindinganiso zokukhipha umoya). Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukushicilelwa kwesikhathi sangempela kwe-Air Quality Index (AQI) kusiza amaqembu asengozini (isb., iziguli ezinesifuba somoya) ukuthatha izinyathelo zokuzivikela ngezinsuku ezingcolile, ukuvikela impilo yomphakathi.
3. Ukugqugquzela Ukuthobela Ibhizinisi Nokusebenza Kahle Kwezindleko
- Ukusebenza kahle: Kumabhizinisi ezimboni, ukufaka amasistimu okuqapha ukungcola kuqinisekisa ukuba semthethweni kokusebenza, ukugwema izinhlawulo ezinkulu zokungathobeli. Ukwengeza, ukusetshenziswa kwezinzwa ekulawuleni inqubo kuthuthukisa ukuhamba komsebenzi, kunciphisa udoti wempahla eluhlaza, futhi kwehlisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla, kusike ngokuqondile izindleko zokusebenza.
4. Ukuqwashisa Okuthuthukisiwe Komphakathi kanye Nokuhlanganyela Komphakathi
- Ukusebenza kahle: Ukuvela kwezinzwa zomphakathi ezingabizi kakhulu kuvumela izakhamizi ukuthi zikwazi直观地了解 (ziqonde ngokunembile) amazinga okungcola endaweni yazo eseduze, okunciphisa ukuthembela kuphela kudatha kahulumeni. Lokhu kuqwashisa umphakathi ngemvelo futhi kunikeza imiphakathi amandla okucindezela uhulumeni kanye namabhizinisi angcolisa imvelo okusekelwe ebufakazini, ukukhuthaza ubulungiswa bezemvelo kanye nokuvumela ukugadwa okusuka phezulu kuya phezulu.
5. Ukuvikelwa Kwempilo Nempahla Emakhaya
- Ukusebenza kahle: Ukwanda kwezinzwa zegesi/i-CO kuvimbela ngokuphumelelayo imililo yasekhaya nokuqhuma okubangelwa ukuvuza kwegesi, kanye nezinhlekelele ezinoshevu we-CO phakathi nokushisisa kwasebusika, okuhlinzeka izakhamuzi zasemadolobheni ngomugqa wokugcina obalulekile wokuzivikela.
3. Izinselele Nekusasa
Naphezu kwempumelelo ebonakalayo, izinselele zisekhona ekukhuthazeni ubuchwepheshe bezinzwa zegesi eNingizimu Afrika:
- Izindleko Nokunakekelwa: Ukuthengwa, ukufakwa, nokulinganisa okuvamile kwezinzwa ezinemba okuphezulu kuhlanganisa izindleko ezibalulekile eziqhubekayo kuhulumeni nakumabhizinisi.
- Ukunemba Kwedatha: Izinzwa zezindleko eziphansi zingenwa kalula yizici zemvelo ezifana nezinga lokushisa kanye nomswakama, ngezinye izikhathi ziphakamisa imibuzo mayelana nokunemba kwedatha. Kudingeka zisetshenziswe ngokuhambisana nezindlela zokuqapha zendabuko.
- Izikhala Zezobuchwepheshe: Izindawo zasemakhaya ezikude ziyazabalaza ukufinyelela amanethiwekhi okuqapha athembekile.
Uma sibheka phambili, intuthuko ku-inthanethi Yezinto (i-IoT), ubuhlakani bokufakelwa (AI), kanye nobuchwepheshe bezinzwa kuzoqhubeza inethiwekhi yaseNingizimu Afrika yokuqapha igesi ekuhlakanipheni okukhulu, ukuminyana, kanye nokusebenza kahle kwezindleko. Izinzwa zizohlanganisa nama-drones kanye nokuzwa okukude kwesathelayithi ukuze zakhe inethiwekhi yokuqapha edidiyelwe "yesibhakabhaka-phansi". Ama-algorithms e-AI azovumela ukulandeleka okunembile kwemithombo yokungcoliswa kwemvelo kanye nezixwayiso ezibikezelwayo, kunikeze ukwesekwa okuqinile kwentuthuko esimeme yeNingizimu Afrika kanye nokuphepha kanye nokuphila kahle kwabantu bayo.
Isiphetho
Ngokusetshenziswa kabanzi kobuchwepheshe bezinzwa zegesi, iNingizimu Afrika izuze imiphumela emangalisayo ekuphepheni kwezimayini, ukuqapha indawo ezungezile, ukuthotshelwa kwemithetho yezimboni kanye nokuvikelwa kwekhaya. Lawa “makhala kagesi” awasebenzi nje kuphela njengabalindi abavikela izimpilo kodwa futhi asebenza njengamathuluzi abalulekile okuthuthukisa ukubuswa kwemvelo nokuthuthukiswa kokuluhlaza. Izinqubo zaseNingizimu Afrika zinikeza imodeli ebalulekile kwamanye amazwe asathuthuka afuna ukukhulisa ukusungulwa kwezobuchwepheshe ukuze kubhekwane nezinselele zakudala.
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Isikhathi sokuthumela: Aug-27-2025