I-Philippines, njengezwe leziqhingi, inemithombo yamanzi eningi kodwa futhi ibhekene nezinselelo ezibalulekile zokulawulwa kwekhwalithi yamanzi. Lesi sihloko sinikeza imininingwane ngamakesi okusetshenziswa kwenzwa yekhwalithi yamanzi engu-4-in-1 (ukuqapha i-ammonia nitrogen, i-nitrate nitrogen, inani le-nitrogen, ne-pH) emikhakheni ehlukahlukene e-Philippines, okuhlanganisa ukuchelela ngezolimo, ukuhlinzekwa kwamanzi kamasipala, impendulo yenhlekelele ephuthumayo, nokuvikelwa kwemvelo. Ngokuhlaziya lezi zimo zomhlaba wangempela, singaqonda ukuthi lobu buchwepheshe benzwa obuhlanganisiwe busiza kanjani i-Philippines ukuthi ibhekane nezinselele zokulawulwa kwekhwalithi yamanzi, ithuthukise ukusebenza kahle kokuqapha, futhi inikeze ukwesekwa kwedatha yesikhathi sangempela sokwenza izinqumo.
Isendlalelo kanye Nezinselelo Zokuqapha Ikhwalithi Yamanzi e-Philippines
Njengesizwe esineziqhingi esihlanganisa iziqhingi ezingaphezu kuka-7,000, iPhilippines inemithombo yamanzi ehlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa imifula, amachibi, amanzi angaphansi komhlaba kanye nezindawo eziningi zasolwandle. Nokho, izwe libhekene nezinselele eziyingqayizivele ekuphathweni kwezinga lamanzi. Ukufudukela ngokushesha emadolobheni, imisebenzi yezolimo ejulile, ukuthuthukiswa kwezimboni, kanye nezinhlekelele zemvelo ezivamile (njengezishingishane nezikhukhula) kubangela usongo olukhulu kwikhwalithi yemithombo yamanzi. Ngokumelene nalokhu kwangemuva, amadivayisi ahlanganisiwe okuqapha ikhwalithi yamanzi njengenzwa engu-4-in-1 (ukulinganisa i-ammonia nitrogen, i-nitrate nitrogen, inani le-nitrogen, ne-pH) abe amathuluzi abalulekile okulawula ikhwalithi yamanzi e-Philippines.
Izinkinga zekhwalithi yamanzi e-Philippines zibonisa ukuhlukahluka kwesifunda. Ezindaweni ezigxile kakhulu kwezolimo, njenge-Central Luzon kanye nezingxenye ze-Mindanao, ukusetshenziswa kukamanyolo ngokweqile kuye kwaholela emazingeni aphakeme enhlanganisela ye-nitrogen (ikakhulukazi i-ammonia nitrogen ne-nitrate nitrogen) emanzini. Ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi ukulahlekelwa kwe-ammonia volatilization kusuka ku-urea efakwe phezulu emasimini erayisi e-Philippine kungafinyelela cishe ku-10%, kunciphisa ukusebenza kahle kukamanyolo futhi kube nomthelela ekungcoleni kwamanzi. Ezindaweni zasemadolobheni njengeMetro Manila, ukungcoliswa kwezinsimbi ezinzima (ikakhulukazi umthofu) kanye nokunukubezeka kwamagciwane kuyizinto ezikhathaza kakhulu ezinhlelweni zamanzi zikamasipala. Ezifundeni ezithintwe izinhlekelele zemvelo njengeSiphepho i-Haiyan eDolobheni lase-Tacloban, izinhlelo zokuphakelwa kwamanzi ezilimele ziholele ekungcoleni kwemithombo yamanzi okuphuza, okubangela ukuqubuka kwezifo zohudo.
Izindlela zokuqapha izinga lamanzi zendabuko zibhekana nemikhawulo eminingi ePhilippines. Ukuhlaziywa kwelabhorethri kudinga ukuqoqwa kwesampula nokuthuthwa kuyiswe kumalebhu amaphakathi, okudla isikhathi futhi kubiza, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezikude eziqhingini. Ukwengeza, amadivaysi okuqapha ipharamitha eyodwa awakwazi ukunikeza umbono obanzi wekhwalithi yamanzi, kuyilapho ukusebenzisa amadivaysi amaningi ngesikhathi esisodwa kwandisa inkimbinkimbi yesistimu kanye nezindleko zokunakekelwa. Ngakho-ke, izinzwa ezihlanganisiwe ezikwazi ukuqapha amapharamitha angukhiye amaningi ngesikhathi esisodwa zibamba inani elithile le-Philippines.
I-ammonia nitrogen, i-nitrate nitrogen, inani le-nitrogen, ne-pH yizinkomba ezibalulekile zokuhlola impilo yamanzi. I-ammonia nitrogen ngokuyinhloko isuka emanzini agelezayo ezolimo, indle yasendlini, namanzi angcolile ezimbonini, anokugxila okuphezulu okuba nobuthi obuqondile ezimpilweni zasemanzini. I-Nitrate nitrogen, umkhiqizo wokugcina we-nitrogen oxidation, ibeka izingozi zezempilo njenge-blue baby syndrome uma imunywe ngokweqile. Ingqikithi ye-nitrogen ibonisa umthamo we-nitrogen uwonke emanzini futhi iyinkomba eyinhloko yokuhlola izingozi ze-eutrophication. I-pH, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ithonya ukuguqulwa kwezinhlobo ze-nitrogen kanye nokuncibilika kwezinsimbi ezinzima. Ngaphansi kwesimo sezulu esishisayo sase-Philippines, amazinga okushisa aphezulu asheshisa ukubola kwe-organic kanye nezinqubo zokuguqulwa kwe-nitrogen, okwenza ukuqapha kwesikhathi sangempela kwale mingcele kubaluleke kakhulu.
Izinzuzo zobuchwepheshe zezinzwa ezingu-4-in-1 zikumklamo wazo ohlanganisiwe namandla wokuqapha wesikhathi sangempela. Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinzwa zepharamitha eyodwa evamile, lawa madivayisi ahlinzeka ngedatha ngesikhathi esisodwa kumapharamitha ahlobene amaningi, athuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokuqapha kanye nokudalula ukuhlobana phakathi kwamapharamitha. Isibonelo, izinguquko ze-pH zithinta ngokuqondile ibhalansi phakathi kwe-ammonium ion (NH₄⁺) kanye ne-ammonia yamahhala (NH₃) emanzini, okubuye kunqume ubungozi bokuguquguquka kwe-ammonia. Ngokuqapha le mingcele ndawonye, ukuhlolwa okubanzi kwezinga lamanzi kanye nezingozi zokungcola kungafinyelelwa.
Ngaphansi kwezimo zezulu ezihlukile zase-Philippines, izinzwa ezingu-4-in-1 kumele zibonise ukuguquguquka okuqinile kwemvelo. Amazinga okushisa aphezulu kanye nomswakama kungathinta ukuzinza kwenzwa kanye neminyaka yokuphila, kuyilapho imvula enamandla ingase ibangele izinguquko eziphuthumayo emanzini, iphazamise ukunemba kwezinzwa zokubona. Ngakho-ke, izinzwa ezingu-4-in-1 ezisetshenziswa e-Philippines ngokuvamile zidinga isinxephezelo sezinga lokushisa, imiklamo elwa ne-biofouling, nokumelana nokushaqeka nokungena kwamanzi ukuze zimelane nemvelo eyinkimbinkimbi yesiqhingi yezwe eshisayo.
Izicelo ku-Agricultural Irrigation Water Monitoring
Njengesizwe sezolimo, irayisi iyisitshalo esibaluleke kakhulu ePhilippines, futhi ukusetshenziswa komanyolo wenitrogen kubalulekile ekukhiqizeni irayisi. Ukusetshenziswa kwezinzwa zekhwalithi yamanzi ezingu-4-in-1 ezinhlelweni zokunisela ze-Philippine kunikeza ukwesekwa okuqinile kobuchwepheshe bokuvundisa okunembayo kanye nokulawula ukungcoliswa komthombo ongekho iphuzu. Ngokuqapha i-ammonia nitrogen, i-nitrate nitrogen, i-nitrogen eyingqikithi, ne-pH emanzini okunisela ngesikhathi sangempela, abalimi nochwepheshe bezolimo bangaphatha ukusetshenziswa kukamanyolo ngokwesayensi, banciphise ukulahleka kwe-nitrogen, futhi bavimbele ukugeleza kwezolimo ekungcoliseni izindawo ezizungezile zamanzi.
I-Rice Field Management Nitrogen kanye Nokuthuthukiswa Kokusebenza Komanyolo
Ngaphansi kwesimo sezulu esishisayo sasePhilippines, i-urea iwumanyolo wenitrogen osetshenziswa kakhulu emasimini elayisi. Ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi ukulahlekelwa kwe-ammonia volatilization kusuka ku-urea efakwe phezulu emasimini erayisi e-Philippine kungafinyelela cishe ku-10%, okuhlobene eduze ne-pH yamanzi okunisela. Lapho i-pH yamanzi ensimini yerayisi ikhuphuka ngaphezu kuka-9 ngenxa yokusebenza kwe-algal, ukuvuvuka kwe-ammonia kuba umzila omkhulu wokulahlekelwa yi-nitrogen, ngisho nasemhlabathini one-acidic. Inzwa engu-4-in-1 isiza abalimi ukunquma isikhathi esilungile sokuvundisa nezindlela ngokuqapha amazinga e-pH kanye ne-ammonia nitrogen ngesikhathi sangempela.
Abacwaningi bezolimo basePhilippine basebenzise izinzwa ezi-4-in-1 ukuthuthukisa "ubuchwepheshe bokubeka obujulile obuqhutshwa ngamanzi" bomanyolo we-nitrogen. Le nqubo ithuthukisa kakhulu ukusebenza kahle kwe-nitrogen ngokulawula ngokwesayensi izimo zamanzi asensimini nezindlela zokuvundisa. Izinyathelo ezibalulekile zihlanganisa: ukumisa ukuchelela ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ngaphambi kokuvundiswa ukuvumela inhlabathi yome kancane, ukufaka i-urea phezulu, bese uchelela kancane ukusiza i-nitrogen ingene ungqimba lomhlabathi. Idatha yezinzwa ibonisa ukuthi le nqubo ingaletha ngaphezu kuka-60% we-urea nitrogen ongqimbeni lwenhlabathi, inciphise ukulahleka kwegesi nokugeleza kuyilapho ikhulisa ukusetshenziswa kwe-nitrogen ngo-15-20%.
Izivivinyo zensimu e-Central Luzon zisebenzisa izinzwa ezingu-4-in-1 zembule amandla e-nitrogen ngaphansi kwezindlela ezihlukene zokuvundisa. Ekusetshenzisweni kwendawo evamile, izinzwa zirekhoda i-spike ebukhali ku-ammonia nitrogen ezinsukwini ezingu-3-5 ngemva kokuvundiswa, okulandelwa ukwehla ngokushesha. Ngokuphambene, ukubekwa okujulile kwaholela ekukhululweni kancane kancane nangesikhathi eside kwe-ammonia nitrogen. Idatha ye-pH iphinde yabonisa ukuguquguquka okuncane kungqimba lwamanzi i-pH ngokubekwa okujulile, kunciphisa izingozi zokuguquguquka kwe-ammonia. Lokhu okutholwe ngesikhathi sangempela kunikeze isiqondiso sesayensi sokuthuthukisa izindlela zokuvundisa.
Ukuhlola Umthwalo Wokunisela Kwemisele Yokunisela
Izifunda zezolimo ezijulile e-Philippines zibhekene nezinselelo ezinkulu zokungcoliswa kwemithombo engeyona indawo, ikakhulukazi ukungcoliswa kwe-nitrogen ephuma emanzini ensimini yerayisi. Izinzwa ezi-4-in-1 ezifakwe emiseleni yokudonsa amanzi futhi ezithola amanzi zihlale ziqapha ukuhlukahluka kwe-nitrogen ukuhlola umthelela wemvelo wezinqubo ezahlukene zokulima. Kuphrojekthi yokuqapha eSifundazweni saseBulacan, amanethiwekhi ezinzwa aqophe u-40-60% wesamba esiphezulu sesamba se-nitrogen sokugeleza kwamanzi okunisela ngesikhathi semvula uma kuqhathaniswa nesikhathi esomile. Lokhu okutholakele kunikeze ulwazi ngamasu okuphatha izakhi zonyaka.
Izinzwa ze-4-in-1 nazo zidlale indima ebalulekile kumaphrojekthi wesayensi yezakhamizi emiphakathini yasemaphandleni yase-Philippine. Ocwaningweni lwase-Barbaza, eSifundazweni Sase-Antique, abacwaningi babambisane nabalimi bendawo ukuze bahlole ikhwalithi yamanzi emithonjeni ehlukene besebenzisa izinzwa eziphathwayo ezingu-4-in-1. Imiphumela yabonisa ukuthi nakuba amanzi omthombo ehlangabezana ne-pH kanye nenani lamazinga okuqinile okuncibilikisiwe, ukungcoliswa kwe-nitrogen (ikakhulukazi i-nitrate nitrogen) kwatholwa, okuxhunyaniswa nezinqubo zokuvundisa eziseduze. Lokhu okutholakele kwenze umphakathi ukuthi ulungise isikhathi namazinga okuvundisa, kwehliswe izingozi zokungcoliswa kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba.
*Ithebula: Ukuqhathaniswa kwezicelo zezinzwa ezingu-4-in-1 Ezinhlelweni Ezihlukene Zezolimo zase-Philippine
| Isicelo Scenario | Amapharamitha agadwayo | Okutholakele Okubalulekile | Ukuthuthukiswa Kwezokuphatha |
|---|---|---|---|
| Izinhlelo zokunisela irayisi | I-ammonia nitrogen, pH | I-urea efakwe phezulu iholele ekukhuphukeni kwe-pH kanye no-10% wokulahleka kwe-ammonia volatilization | Ukubekwa okujulile okuqhutshwa amanzi okukhuthazwayo |
| I-drainage yokulima imifino | I-nitrogen nitrogen, i-nitrogen ephelele | 40-60% ukulahleka kwe-nitrogen ephezulu ngenkathi yezimvula | Isikhathi sokuvundisa esilungisiwe, izitshalo zekhava ezingeziwe |
| Imithombo yomphakathi wasemaphandleni | I-Nitrate nitrogen, pH | Kutholwe ukungcoliswa kwe-nitrogen emanzini omthombo, i-alkaline pH | Ukusetshenziswa komanyolo okwenziwe ngcono, ukuvikelwa komthombo okuthuthukisiwe |
| Izinhlelo ze-aquaculture-agriculture | I-ammonia nitrogen, i-nitrogen ephelele | Ukuchelela kwamanzi angcolile kubangele ukunqwabelana kwe-nitrogen | Amachibi okwelapha akhiwe, umthamo wokunisela olawulwayo |
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