Amacala Okusetshenziswa kwe-Ammonia Nitrogen, i-Nitrate Nitrogen, i-Total Nitrogen, kanye ne-pH 4-in-1 Sensor ePhilippines

IPhilippines, njengesizwe esihlala ezindaweni ezikude, inemithombo yamanzi eminingi kodwa futhi ibhekene nezinselelo ezinkulu zokuphathwa kwekhwalithi yamanzi. Lesi sihloko sichaza kabanzi ngezimo zokusetshenziswa kwenzwa yekhwalithi yamanzi engu-4-in-1 (ukuqapha i-ammonia nitrogen, i-nitrate nitrogen, i-nitrogen iyonke, kanye ne-pH) kuzo zonke izinhlaka ePhilippines, okuhlanganisa ukunisela kwezolimo, ukuhlinzekwa kwamanzi kamasipala, impendulo yezinhlekelele eziphuthumayo, kanye nokuvikelwa kwemvelo. Ngokuhlaziya lezi zimo zangempela, singaqonda ukuthi lobu buchwepheshe bezinzwa obuhlanganisiwe busiza kanjani iPhilippines ukubhekana nezinselelo zokuphathwa kwekhwalithi yamanzi, ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokuqapha, kanye nokuhlinzeka ngokusekelwa kwedatha yesikhathi sangempela yokwenza izinqumo.

Isizinda kanye Nezinselele Zokuqapha Ikhwalithi Yamanzi ePhilippines

Njengesizwe esihlala ezindaweni eziqhelile esihlanganisa iziqhingi ezingaphezu kuka-7,000, iPhilippines inemithombo yamanzi eyahlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa imifula, amachibi, amanzi angaphansi komhlaba, kanye nezindawo zasolwandle ezinkulu. Kodwa-ke, izwe libhekene nezinselelo ezihlukile ekuphathweni kwekhwalithi yamanzi. Ukusabalala kwamadolobha okusheshayo, imisebenzi yezolimo ejulile, intuthuko yezimboni, kanye nezinhlekelele zemvelo ezivamile (njengezivunguvungu nezikhukhula) zibeka usongo olukhulu kwikhwalithi yemithombo yamanzi. Ngokuphikisana nalokhu, amadivayisi okuqapha ikhwalithi yamanzi ahlanganisiwe njengenzwa engu-4-in-1 (ukulinganisa i-ammonia nitrogen, i-nitrate nitrogen, i-nitrogen iyonke, kanye ne-pH) abe ngamathuluzi abalulekile ekuphathweni kwekhwalithi yamanzi ePhilippines.

Izinkinga zekhwalithi yamanzi ePhilippines zibonisa ukuguquguquka kwesifunda. Ezindaweni ezigxile kakhulu kwezolimo, njengeCentral Luzon kanye nezingxenye zaseMindanao, ukusetshenziswa kakhulu komanyolo kuholele emazingeni aphezulu e-nitrogen compounds (ikakhulukazi i-ammonia nitrogen kanye ne-nitrate nitrogen) emanzini. Izifundo zibonisa ukuthi ukulahlekelwa yi-ammonia volatilization okuvela ku-urea esetshenziswa ngaphezulu emasimini elayisi asePhilippines kungafinyelela cishe ku-10%, kunciphisa ukusebenza kahle komanyolo futhi kube nomthelela ekungcoleni kwamanzi. Ezindaweni zasemadolobheni njengeMetro Manila, ukungcola kwensimbi esindayo (ikakhulukazi i-lead) kanye nokungcola kwamagciwane kuyizinto ezikhathazayo kakhulu ezinhlelweni zamanzi zikamasipala. Ezindaweni ezithinteke yizinhlekelele zemvelo njengeTyphoon Haiyan eTacloban City, izinhlelo zokunikeza amanzi ezonakele ziholele ekungcoleni kwemithombo yamanzi okuphuza ngandle, okubangele ukwanda kwezifo zohudo.

Izindlela zokuqapha ikhwalithi yamanzi zendabuko zibhekene nemikhawulo eminingi ePhilippines. Ukuhlaziywa kwelabhorethri kudinga ukuqoqwa kwamasampula kanye nokuthuthwa kuya kuma-lab aphakathi, okudla isikhathi futhi kubiza kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezikude zaseziqhingini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amadivayisi okuqapha epharamitha eyodwa awakwazi ukunikeza umbono ophelele wekhwalithi yamanzi, kuyilapho ukusebenzisa amadivayisi amaningi ngasikhathi sinye kwandisa ubunzima besistimu kanye nezindleko zokulungisa. Ngakho-ke, izinzwa ezihlanganisiwe ezikwazi ukuqapha amapharamitha amaningi ayisihluthulelo ngasikhathi sinye zibamba inani elithile ePhilippines.

I-nitrogen ye-ammonia, i-nitrogen ye-nitrate, i-nitrogen iyonke, kanye ne-pH yizinkomba ezibalulekile zokuhlola impilo yamanzi. I-nitrogen ye-ammonia ivela kakhulu ekugelezeni kwezolimo, indle yasekhaya, kanye namanzi angcolile ezimbonini, kanti amazinga aphezulu anobuthi ngqo ezimpilweni zasemanzini. I-nitrogen ye-nitrate, umkhiqizo wokugcina we-nitrogen oxidation, ibeka izingozi zempilo njenge-blue baby syndrome uma igwinywa ngokweqile. I-nitrogen iyonke ibonisa umthwalo we-nitrogen ophelele emanzini futhi iyisibonakaliso esiyinhloko sokuhlola izingozi ze-eutrophication. I-pH, okwamanje, ithonya ukuguqulwa kwezinhlobo ze-nitrogen kanye nokuncibilika kwezinsimbi ezisindayo. Ngaphansi kwesimo sezulu esishisayo sasePhilippines, amazinga okushisa aphezulu asheshisa ukubola kwezinto eziphilayo kanye nezinqubo zokuguqulwa kwe-nitrogen, okwenza ukuqapha kwangempela kwalezi zinhlaka kubaluleke kakhulu.

Izinzuzo zobuchwepheshe zezinzwa ze-4-in-1 zisekwakheni kwazo okuhlanganisiwe kanye namakhono okuqapha ngesikhathi sangempela. Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinzwa zendabuko zepharamitha eyodwa, lawa madivayisi ahlinzeka ngedatha ngesikhathi esisodwa kumapharamitha amaningi ahlobene, athuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokuqapha futhi embula ubudlelwano phakathi kwamapharamitha. Isibonelo, izinguquko ze-pH zithinta ngqo ibhalansi phakathi kwama-ion e-ammonium (NH₄⁺) kanye ne-ammonia yamahhala (NH₃) emanzini, okunquma ingozi yokuguquguquka kwe-ammonia. Ngokuqapha la mapharamitha ndawonye, ​​​​kungatholakala ukuhlolwa okuphelele kwekhwalithi yamanzi kanye nezingozi zokungcola.

Ngaphansi kwezimo zezulu ezihlukile zasePhilippines, izinzwa ze-4-in-1 kumele zibonise ukuzivumelanisa nezimo okuqinile kwemvelo. Amazinga okushisa aphezulu kanye nomswakama kungathinta ukuzinza kwezinzwa kanye nokuphila kwesikhathi, kuyilapho imvula evame ukuna ingabangela izinguquko ezisheshayo ekungcoleni kwamanzi, okuphazamisa ukunemba kwezinzwa ze-optical. Ngakho-ke, izinzwa ze-4-in-1 ezisetshenziswa ePhilippines zivame ukudinga isinxephezelo sokushisa, imiklamo yokulwa nokungcola kwe-biofouling, kanye nokumelana nokushaqeka kanye nokungena kwamanzi ukuze kumelwane nendawo eyinkimbinkimbi yesiqhingi sasezindaweni ezishisayo zezwe.

Izicelo Zokuqapha Amanzi Ekuniseleni Kwezolimo

Njengesizwe sezolimo, ilayisi liyisitshalo esibaluleke kakhulu ePhilippines, futhi ukusetshenziswa kahle komanyolo we-nitrogen kubalulekile ekukhiqizweni kwelayisi. Ukusetshenziswa kwezinzwa zekhwalithi yamanzi ezi-4-in-1 ezinhlelweni zokunisela zasePhilippines kunikeza ukwesekwa okuqinile kwezobuchwepheshe kokufaka umanyolo onembile kanye nokulawulwa kokungcola komthombo ongeyona iphuzu. Ngokuqapha i-ammonia nitrogen, i-nitrate nitrogen, i-nitrogen iyonke, kanye ne-pH emanzini okunisela ngesikhathi sangempela, abalimi kanye nochwepheshe bezolimo bangaphatha ukusetshenziswa komanyolo ngokwesayensi, banciphise ukulahlekelwa yi-nitrogen, futhi bavimbele ukugeleza kwamanzi ezolimo ekungcoliseni izindawo zamanzi ezizungezile.

Ukuphathwa kweNitrogen yasensimini yelayisi kanye nokuthuthukiswa kokusebenza kahle komanyolo

Ngaphansi kwesimo sezulu esishisayo sasePhilippines, i-urea iwumanyolo we-nitrogen osetshenziswa kakhulu emasimini erayisi. Ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi ukulahlekelwa yi-ammonia volatilization okuvela ku-urea efakwe ebusweni emasimini erayisi asePhilippines kungafinyelela cishe ku-10%, okuhlobene kakhulu ne-pH yamanzi okunisela. Lapho i-pH yamanzi ensimu yerayisi ikhuphuka ngaphezu kuka-9 ngenxa yomsebenzi we-algal, ukuguquguquka kwe-ammonia kuba yindlela enkulu yokulahlekelwa yi-nitrogen, ngisho nasenhlabathini ene-acidic. Inzwa engu-4-in-1 isiza abalimi ukunquma isikhathi esifanele sokufaka umanyolo kanye nezindlela ngokuqapha amazinga e-pH kanye ne-ammonia nitrogen ngesikhathi sangempela.

Abacwaningi bezolimo basePhilippines basebenzise izinzwa ezi-4-in-1 ukuthuthukisa "ubuchwepheshe bokubeka okujulile obuqhutshwa ngamanzi" kumanyolo we-nitrogen. Le ndlela ithuthukisa kakhulu ukusebenza kahle kokusetshenziswa kwe-nitrogen ngokulawula ngokwesayensi izimo zamanzi asensimini kanye nezindlela zokufaka umanyolo. Izinyathelo ezibalulekile zifaka: ukuyeka ukuchelela izinsuku ezimbalwa ngaphambi kokufaka umanyolo ukuze inhlabathi yome kancane, ukufaka i-urea ebusweni, bese uchelela kancane ukusiza i-nitrogen ingene engqimbeni yomhlabathi. Idatha yezinzwa ikhombisa ukuthi le ndlela ingaletha ngaphezu kuka-60% we-urea nitrogen engqimbeni yomhlabathi, inciphise ukulahlekelwa yigesi kanye nokugeleza kwamanzi ngenkathi ikhulisa ukusebenza kahle kokusetshenziswa kwe-nitrogen ngo-15-20%.

Ukuhlolwa kwensimu eCentral Luzon kusetshenziswa izinzwa ezi-4-in-1 kwembule amandla e-nitrogen ngaphansi kwezindlela ezahlukene zokufaka umanyolo. Ekusetshenzisweni okujwayelekile kobuso, izinzwa zaqopha ukwanda okukhulu kwe-ammonia nitrogen ezinsukwini ezi-3-5 ngemuva kokufaka umanyolo, kwalandelwa ukwehla okusheshayo. Ngokuphambene nalokho, ukufakwa okujulile kwaholela ekukhishweni kancane kancane kwe-ammonia nitrogen isikhathi eside. Idatha ye-pH iphinde yabonisa ukuguquguquka okuncane ku-pH yongqimba lwamanzi ngokufakwa okujulile, okunciphisa izingozi zokuguquguquka kwe-ammonia. Lokhu okutholakele ngesikhathi sangempela kunikeze isiqondiso sesayensi sokwenza ngcono amasu okufaka umanyolo.

Ukuhlolwa Komthwalo Wokungcoliswa Kokunisela

Izifunda zezolimo ezibanzi ePhilippines zibhekene nezinselele ezinkulu zokungcola okungeyona indawo, ikakhulukazi ukungcola kwe-nitrogen okuvela ekudonseni amanzi erayisi. Izinzwa ezi-4-in-1 ezifakwe emiseleni yokudonsa amanzi kanye namanzi amukelayo ziqhubeka nokuqapha ukuhlukahluka kwe-nitrogen ukuze zihlole umthelela wemvelo wemikhuba ehlukene yokulima. Kuphrojekthi yokuqapha eSifundazweni saseBulacan, amanethiwekhi ezinzwa aqophe imithwalo ye-nitrogen ephezulu ngo-40-60% ekudonseni amanzi ngesikhathi semvula uma kuqhathaniswa nesizini eyomile. Lokhu okutholakele kwazisa amasu okuphathwa kwezakhamzimba zesizini.

Izinzwa ezi-4-in-1 nazo zidlale indima ebalulekile kumaphrojekthi esayensi yezakhamuzi emiphakathini yasemakhaya yasePhilippines. Ocwaningweni olwenziwe eBarbaza, eSifundazweni Sasendulo, abacwaningi babambisene nabalimi bendawo ukuhlola ikhwalithi yamanzi emithonjeni ehlukene besebenzisa izinzwa eziphathwayo ezi-4-in-1. Imiphumela ibonise ukuthi yize amanzi omthombo ehlangabezana nezindinganiso ze-pH kanye nezindinganiso zezinto eziqinile ezincibilikisiwe, kutholakale ukungcola kwe-nitrogen (ikakhulukazi i-nitrate nitrogen) okuhlobene nemikhuba yokukhulelwa eseduze. Lokhu okutholakele kushukumisele umphakathi ukuthi ulungise isikhathi sokukhulelwa kanye namazinga, kuncishiswe izingozi zokungcola kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba.

*Ithebula: Ukuqhathaniswa kwezicelo zezinzwa ezingu-4 ku-1 ezinhlelweni ezahlukene zezolimo zasePhilippines

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