Ukusuka Emaphutha Embonini kuya Ekungcoleni komoya: Izinzwa Zegesi Ziyivikela Kanjani I-SE Asia

INingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, engesinye sezifunda zezomnotho ezikhula ngokushesha kakhulu emhlabeni, ibhekene nokukhula ngokushesha kwezimboni, ukwanda kwamadolobha nokwanda kwabantu. Le nqubo idale isidingo esiphuthumayo sokuqapha izinga lomoya, ukuqinisekiswa kokuphepha kwezimboni, nokuvikelwa kwemvelo. Izinzwa zegesi, njengobuchwepheshe bezinzwa ezibucayi, zidlala indima ebalulekile. Okulandelayo izindawo ezimbalwa zohlelo lokusebenza kanye namacala athile alobu buchwepheshe eNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia.

1. Ukuphepha Kwezimboni kanye Nokulawulwa Kwezinqubo

Lena indawo yendabuko kakhulu futhi ebalulekile isicelo sezinzwa gas. INingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia ibamba inqwaba yezitshalo zokukhiqiza, izimboni zamakhemikhali, izindawo zokuhluza uwoyela, kanye nezindawo zama-semiconductor.

• Izimo zohlelo lokusebenza:
  • Ukuqapha Ukuvuza Kwegesi Evuthayo Nenobuthi: Ezimbonini ze-petrochemical, iziteshi zegesi yemvelo, nezindawo zokugcina amakhemikhali, ukuqapha kwesikhathi sangempela kokuvuza kwamagesi afana ne-methane, i-propane, i-hydrogen sulfide, i-carbon monoxide, ne-ammonia ukuvimbela imililo, ukuqhuma, nezigameko ezinobuthi.
  • Ukuqapha Kokungena Emkhathini Okuboshiwe: Ukusebenzisa izitholi zegesi eziphathwayo ukuhlola amazinga komoyampilo, amagesi avuthayo, namagesi athile anobuthi ngaphambi kokuba abasebenzi bangene ezindaweni ezivalekile njengezindawo zokugcinwa komkhumbi, amathangi okuhlanza indle, nemihubhe engaphansi komhlaba ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuphepha kwezisebenzi.
  • Ukuthuthukiswa Kwenqubo Nokulawulwa Kwekhwalithi: Ukulawula ngokunembile ukugcwala kwamagesi athile (isb., i-carbon dioxide, umoya-mpilo) ezinqubweni ezifana nokuvutshelwa kokudla nesiphuzo kanye nokukhiqizwa kwe-semiconductor ukuqinisekisa ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo nokusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza.
• Izibonelo:
  • Indawo Enkulu Yokuhluza Uwoyela eVietnam ikhiphe inethiwekhi yamakhulu ezinzwa zegesi engaguquki kuyo yonke indawo yayo, exhunywe ohlelweni oluphakathi lokulawula. Uma kutholwa ukuvuza kwegesi ye-hydrocarbon, isistimu ngokushesha icupha ama-alamu azwakalayo nabonwayo futhi ingavula ngokuzenzakalelayo amasistimu okungenisa umoya noma ivale amavalvu afanelekile, inciphise izingozi zezingozi.
  • I-Jurong Island Chemical Park e-Singapore, ihabhu lamakhemikhali elihamba phambili emhlabeni, ibona ukusetshenziswa okubanzi kwezinzwa ezithuthukisiwe ze-Photoionization Detector (PID) yizinkampani zayo ukuthola ukuvuza komkhondo we-Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs), okuvumela isixwayiso kusenesikhathi kanye nokuthotshelwa kwemvelo.

2. Ukuqapha Ikhwalithi Yomoya Wasemadolobheni kanye Nezempilo Yomphakathi

Amadolobha amaningi amakhulu aseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, anjengeJakarta, iBangkok, neManila, abhekene nezinkinga eziqhubekayo zokungcoliswa komoya ngenxa yokuminyana kwezimoto kanye nokukhishwa kwezimboni. Ukukhathazeka komphakathi mayelana nezindawo zokuphefumula ezinempilo kuyanda kancane kancane.

• Izimo zohlelo lokusebenza:
  • Iziteshi Zokuqapha Umoya Ezitholakala Emadolobheni: Iziteshi zokuqapha ezinembayo eziphezulu ezisungulwe izikhungo zikahulumeni zemvelo ukuze zilinganise ukungcola okujwayelekile okufana ne-PM2.5, PM10, sulfur dioxide (SO₂), i-nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), i-ozone (O₃), ne-carbon monoxide (CO). Bashicilela Inkomba Yekhwalithi Yomoya (AQI) ukuze yazise inqubomgomo yomphakathi.
  • Amanethiwekhi Ezinzwa Ezincane: Kusetshenziswa ama-node enzwa yegesi encane ebiza kancane, ehlangene emiphakathini, eduze kwezikole, kanye nezibhedlela ukuze kwakheke inethiwekhi yokuqapha okuminyana kakhulu, okuhlinzeka ngedatha yekhwalithi yomoya yendawo yesikhathi sangempela eyimbudumbudu eyengeziwe.
  • Amadivayisi Aphathekayo Womuntu Siqu: Abantu basebenzisa iziqaphi zekhwalithi yomoya ezigqokekayo noma eziphathwa ngesandla ukuze bahlole amazinga okungcola endaweni yabo eseduze, okuvumela izinqumo zokuvikela ezifana nokugqoka imaski noma ukunciphisa imisebenzi yangaphandle.
• Izibonelo:
  • I-Bangkok Metropolitan Administration e-Thailand ibambisene nezikhungo zocwaningo ukuze zithumele amakhulukhulu ezinzwa zekhwalithi yomoya encane ezisekelwe ku-IoT edolobheni lonke. Lezi zinzwa zilayisha idatha emafini ngesikhathi sangempela, okuvumela izakhamuzi ukuthi zihlole amazinga e-PM2.5 kanye ne-ozone ezindaweni ezihlala kuzo ngohlelo lokusebenza lweselula, ezihlinzeka ngezibuyekezo eziminyene nezivamile kuneziteshi zendabuko.
  • Iphrojekthi ye-“Smart School” e-Jakarta, e-Indonesia, ifake izinzwa ze-carbon dioxide (CO₂) ngaphakathi kwamakilasi. Lapho amazinga e-CO₂ enyuka ngenxa yokuhlala, izinzwa zicupha ngokuzenzakalelayo izinhlelo zokungenisa umoya ukuze zivuselele umoya, okusiza ukuthuthukisa ukugxilisa ingqondo nempilo yabafundi.

3. Ezolimo Nokufuywa Kwezilwane

Ezolimo ziyisisekelo somnotho emazweni amaningi aseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia. Ukusetshenziswa kwezinzwa zegesi kushayela ukuguqulwa kwezolimo zendabuko zibe ukunemba nokulima okuhlakaniphile.

• Izimo zohlelo lokusebenza:
  • I-Greenhouse Environment Control: Ukuqapha amazinga e-CO₂ ezindlini zokugcina izithombo ezithuthukisiwe kanye nokukhulula i-CO₂ “njengomanyolo wegesi” ukuze kuthuthukiswe i-photosynthesis, kukhuphule kakhulu isivuno kanye nekhwalithi yemifino nezimbali.
  • Ukuphepha Kwesitoreji Sokusanhlamvu: Ukuqapha ukugxila kwe-carbon dioxide noma i-phosphine kuma-silo amakhulu. Ukwenyuka okungavamile kwe-CO₂ kungabonisa ukonakala ngenxa yomsebenzi wezinambuzane noma isikhunta. I-Phosphine iyisikhutha esivamile, futhi ukugxila kwayo kufanele kulawulwe ngokunembile ukuze kulawuleke izinambuzane ngempumelelo kanye nokuphepha kokusebenza.
  • I-Livestock Environment Monitoring: Ukuqapha ngokuqhubekayo amazinga amagesi ayingozi njenge-ammonia (NH₃) ne-hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) ezibayeni ezivalekile zezinkukhu nemfuyo. Lamagesi athinta impilo yezilwane, okuholela ezifweni nasekukhuleni okugobile. Izinzwa zingacupha izinhlelo zokungenisa umoya ukuze kuthuthukiswe indawo yasendlini.
• Izibonelo:
  • I-Smart Greenhouse Farm e-Malaysia isebenzisa izinzwa ze-CO₂ ezisekelwe kubuchwepheshe be-NDIR (Non-Dispersive Infrared), kuhlanganiswe nesistimu yokulawula ezenzakalelayo, ukuze kugcinwe amazinga e-CO₂ afanele (isb, 800-1200 ppm) ekukhuleni kwezitshalo, okwandisa isivuno sikatamatisi cishe ngo-30%.
  • I-Large Poultry Farm eThailand yafaka inethiwekhi yezinzwa ze-ammonia ezindlini zayo zezinkukhu. Lapho ukugxila kwe-ammonia kweqa umkhawulo omisiwe, amafeni namasistimu ephedi yokupholisa asebenza ngokuzenzakalelayo, enciphisa ngempumelelo izifo zokuphefumula emhlambini futhi anciphise ukusetshenziswa kwama-antibiotic.

4. Ukuqapha Imvelo kanye Nesexwayiso Senhlekelele

INingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia ijwayele ukuba nezinhlekelele zemvelo futhi iyisifunda esibalulekile esikhathazayo mayelana nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu.

• Izimo zohlelo lokusebenza:
  • Ukuqapha Isikhungo Sokuhlanza Amanzi Angcolile: Ukuqapha ukukhiqizwa kwe-methane kanye nesisi esikhishwayo ukuze kuvinjelwe izingozi zokuqhuma nokuhlinzeka ngemininingwane yokutholwa kwe-biogas kanye namaphrojekthi okukhiqiza amandla. Futhi ukuqapha amagesi anephunga njenge-hydrogen sulfide ukunciphisa umthelela emiphakathini ezungezile.
  • Ukuqapha Umsebenzi Wentabamlilo: Emazweni aqhuma intaba-mlilo njenge-Indonesia ne-Philippines, ososayensi bahambisa izinzwa ze-sulphur dioxide (SO₂) ezizungeze izintaba-mlilo. Ukwenyuka kokukhishwa kwe-SO₂ kuvame ukukhomba umsebenzi wentaba-mlilo okhuphukele phezulu, okunikeza idatha ebalulekile yezixwayiso zokuqhuma.
  • Isexwayiso Sokuqala Somlilo Wehlathi: Ukukhipha izinzwa ze-carbon monoxide nezinzwa zentuthu ezindaweni zasehlathini lase-peatland e-Sumatra nase-Kalimantan, e-Indonesia, kungathola imililo eshunqayo ngaphambi kokuba kuvele amalangabi abonakalayo, okuvumela ukungenelela okubalulekile kusenesikhathi.
• Izibonelo:
  • I-Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) isungule amanethiwekhi okuqapha aphelele, okuhlanganisa nezinzwa zegesi, azungeze izintaba-mlilo ezisebenzayo njengeMayon. Idatha yesikhathi sangempela ye-SO₂ ibasiza ukuthi bahlole isimo sentaba-mlilo ngokunembe kakhudlwana futhi bakhiphe izakhamuzi uma kudingeka.
  • I-National Environment Agency (NEA) yase-Singapore isebenzisa izinzwa zesathelayithi nezinzwa zaphansi ukuze iqaphe eduze ukungcoliswa kobungu obunqamula imingcele obuvela emazweni angomakhelwane. Izinzwa zegesi (isb, ze-CO kanye ne-PM2.5) zingamathuluzi abalulekile okulandelela ukuthuthwa kobungu nokuhlola umthelela wako.

Izinselele kanye Nezitayela Zesikhathi esizayo

Naphezu kokusetshenziswa okubanzi, ukwamukelwa kwezinzwa zegesi eNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia kubhekene nezinselele ezifana nomthelela wokushisa okuphezulu kanye nomswakama esikhathini sokuphila kwezinzwa nokuzinza, ukushoda kwabasebenzi abanekhono lokunakekela nokulinganisa, kanye nesidingo sokuqinisekisa ukunemba kwedatha kusuka kuzinzwa ezingabizi kakhulu.

Uma ubheka phambili, ngokuthuthukiswa kwe-IoT, Big Data, kanye ne-Artificial Intelligence (AI), izinhlelo zokusebenza zezinzwa zegesi zizojula kakhulu:

• Ukuhlanganiswa Kwedatha Nokuhlaziya: Ukuhlanganisa idatha yenzwa yegesi neminye imithombo efana nedatha yesimo sezulu, ithrafikhi, nesethelayithi, nokusebenzisa ama-algorithms e-AI ukuze kuhlaziywe kusengaphambili (isb., ukubikezela ikhwalithi yomoya noma izingozi zokuhluleka kwemishini yezimboni).
• Ukwehliswa Kwezindleko Okuqhubekayo Nokwanda: Intuthuko kubuchwepheshe beMicro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) izokwenza izinzwa zibe zincane futhi zibe zincane, ziqhube ukwamukelwa ngezinga elikhulu emadolobheni ahlakaniphile nasezindlini ezihlakaniphile.

Isiphetho

Emkhathini oguquguqukayo waseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, izinzwa zegesi zishintshile zisuka emishinini elula yokuphepha yezimboni zaba amathuluzi ahlukahlukene okuvikela impilo yomphakathi, ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwezolimo, nokuvikela imvelo. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe buqhubeka nokuthuthuka kanye nezimo zohlelo lokusebenza zanda, lawa "makhala kagesi" azohlala engababheki abangabonakali, okuhlinzeka ngesisekelo sedatha esiqinile sokuthuthukiswa okusimeme kwe-Southeast Asia.