Kusukela Emaphutheni Embonini Kuya Ekungcolisweni Komoya: Indlela Izinzwa Zegesi Ezivikela Ngayo I-SE Asia

INingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, enye yezifunda zomnotho ezikhula ngokushesha emhlabeni, ibhekene nokukhula kwezimboni okusheshayo, ukwanda kwamadolobha, kanye nokukhula kwabantu. Le nqubo idale isidingo esiphuthumayo sokuqapha ikhwalithi yomoya, isiqinisekiso sokuphepha kwezimboni, kanye nokuvikelwa kwemvelo. Izinzwa zegesi, njengobuchwepheshe bokuzwela okubucayi, zidlala indima ebalulekile. Okulandelayo yizindawo eziningana eziyinhloko zokusetshenziswa kanye namacala athile alobu buchwepheshe eNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia.

1. Ukuphepha Kwezimboni Nokulawulwa Kwezinqubo

Lena yindawo yendabuko nebaluleke kakhulu yokusetshenziswa kwezinzwa zegesi. INingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia inezindawo eziningi zokukhiqiza, izimboni zamakhemikhali, izindawo zokuhluza uwoyela, kanye nezindawo ze-semiconductor.

• Izimo Zokusebenza:
  • Ukuqapha Ukuvuza Kwegesi Okuvuthayo Nokunobuthi: Ezitshalweni ze-petrochemical, eziteshini zegesi yemvelo, nasezindaweni zokugcina amakhemikhali, ukuqapha ngesikhathi sangempela ukuvuza kwamagesi afana ne-methane, i-propane, i-hydrogen sulfide, i-carbon monoxide, ne-ammonia ukuvimbela imililo, ukuqhuma, kanye nezehlakalo zobuthi.
  • Ukuqapha Ukungena Kwesikhala Esivalekile: Ukusebenzisa izitholi zegesi eziphathekayo ukuhlola amazinga e-oxygen, amagesi avuthayo, kanye namagesi anobuthi athile ngaphambi kokuba abasebenzi bangene ezindaweni ezivalekile njengezindawo zokubeka imikhumbi, amathangi okuhlanza indle, kanye nemigudu engaphansi komhlaba ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha kwabasebenzi.
  • Ukuthuthukiswa Kwezinqubo Nokulawulwa Kwekhwalithi: Ukulawula ngokunembile ukuhlushwa kwamagesi athile (isb., i-carbon dioxide, i-oxygen) ezinqubweni ezifana nokubiliswa kokudla neziphuzo kanye nokukhiqizwa kwe-semiconductor ukuqinisekisa ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo kanye nokusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza.
• Izifundo Zezimo:
  • I-Great Oil Refinery eVietnam ifake inethiwekhi yamakhulu ezinzwa zegesi ezihleliwe kuyo yonke indawo yayo, exhunywe ohlelweni lokulawula oluphakathi. Uma kutholakala ukuvuza kwegesi ye-hydrocarbon, uhlelo luqala ngokushesha ama-alamu azwakalayo nabonakalayo futhi lungavula ngokuzenzakalelayo izinhlelo zokungenisa umoya noma luvale ama-valve afanele, kuncishiswe izingozi.
  • IJurong Island Chemical Park eSingapore, isikhungo samakhemikhali esihamba phambili emhlabeni, ibona ukusetshenziswa kabanzi kwezinzwa ze-Photoionization Detector (PID) ezithuthukisiwe yizinkampani zayo ukuthola ukuvuza okumbalwa kwama-Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs), okuvumela ukuxwayisa kusenesikhathi kanye nokuthobela imithetho yezemvelo.

2. Ukuqapha Ikhwalithi Yomoya Wasemadolobheni kanye Nempilo Yomphakathi

Amadolobha amaningi amakhulu aseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, njengeJakarta, iBangkok, neManila, abhekene nezinkinga zokungcola komoya okuqhubekayo ngenxa yokuminyana kwezimoto kanye nokukhishwa kwegesi ephuma ezimbonini. Ukukhathazeka komphakathi mayelana nezindawo zokuphefumula ezinempilo kuyanda kancane kancane.

• Izimo Zokusebenza:
  • Iziteshi Zokuqapha Umoya Ozungezile Zasemadolobheni: Iziteshi zokuqapha ezinembe kakhulu ezisungulwe yizikhungo zikahulumeni zezemvelo ukuze zilinganise ukungcola okujwayelekile njenge-PM2.5, i-PM10, i-sulfur dioxide (SO₂), i-nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), i-ozone (O₃), kanye ne-carbon monoxide (CO). Zishicilela i-Air Quality Index (AQI) ukuze zazise inqubomgomo yomphakathi.
  • Amanethiwekhi Ezinzwa Ezincane: Ukufaka ama-node ezinzwa zegesi ezincane ezingabizi kakhulu, ezihlangene emiphakathini, eduze kwezikole, kanye nasezibhedlela ukuze kwakheke inethiwekhi yokuqapha yabantu abaningi, okuhlinzeka ngedatha yekhwalithi yomoya yendawo ehlanganisiwe, yesikhathi sangempela.
  • Amadivayisi Aphathekayo Omuntu Siqu: Abantu basebenzisa izikrini zekhwalithi yomoya ezigqokwayo noma eziphathwa ngesandla ukuhlola amazinga okungcola endaweni abakuyo, okwenza kube lula ukwenza izinqumo zokuzivikela njengokugqoka imaski noma ukunciphisa imisebenzi yangaphandle.
• Izifundo Zezimo:
  • I-Bangkok Metropolitan Administration eThailand ibambisene nezikhungo zocwaningo ukuze kuthunyelwe amakhulu ezinzwa zekhwalithi yomoya ezincane ezisekelwe ku-IoT kulo lonke idolobha. Lezi zinzwa zilayisha idatha efwini ngesikhathi sangempela, okuvumela izakhamuzi ukuthi zihlole amazinga e-PM2.5 kanye ne-ozone ezindaweni zazo ezithile ngohlelo lokusebenza lweselula, okunikeza izibuyekezo eziningi nezivamile kuneziteshi zendabuko.
  • Iphrojekthi ethi “Smart School” eJakarta, e-Indonesia, ifake izinzwa ze-carbon dioxide (CO₂) ngaphakathi kwamakilasi. Lapho amazinga e-CO₂ enyuka ngenxa yabantu abahlala khona, izinzwa ziqala ngokuzenzakalelayo izinhlelo zokungenisa umoya ukuze zivuselele umoya, zisize ekuthuthukiseni ukugxilisa ingqondo kanye nempilo yabafundi.

3. Ezolimo Nokufuya Izilwane

Ezolimo ziyisisekelo somnotho emazweni amaningi aseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia. Ukusetshenziswa kwezinzwa zegesi kuqhuba ukuguqulwa kwezolimo zendabuko kube ukulima okunembile nokuhlakaniphile.

• Izimo Zokusebenza:
  • Ukulawulwa Kwendawo Yokugcina Izitshalo: Ukuqapha amazinga e-CO₂ ezindaweni zokugcina izitshalo ezithuthukile nokukhulula i-CO₂ “njengomanyolo wegesi” ukuze kuthuthukiswe i-photosynthesis, okukhulisa kakhulu isivuno kanye nekhwalithi yemifino nezimbali.
  • Ukuphepha Kokugcina Okusanhlamvu: Ukuqapha ukugcwala kwe-carbon dioxide noma i-phosphine ezindaweni ezinkulu zokugcina ukudla. Ukwanda okungavamile kwe-CO₂ kungabonisa ukonakala ngenxa yomsebenzi wezinambuzane noma isikhunta. I-Phosphine iyisithako esivamile sokufutha, futhi ukugcwala kwayo kumele kulawulwe ngokunembile ukuze kulawulwe izinambuzane ngempumelelo futhi kuphephe ukusebenza.
  • Ukuqapha Indawo Yezilwane: Ukuqapha njalo amazinga amagesi ayingozi njenge-ammonia (NH₃) kanye ne-hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) ezindlini zezinkukhu ezivalekile kanye nezibaya zezilwane. La magesi athinta impilo yezilwane, okuholela ezifweni nasekukhuleni okulinganiselwe. Izinzwa zingabangela izinhlelo zokungenisa umoya ukuze zithuthukise indawo yangaphakathi.
• Izifundo Zezimo:
  • Ipulazi Elihlakaniphile Lokugcina Ukushisa Emhlabeni eMalaysia lisebenzisa izinzwa ze-CO₂ ezisekelwe kubuchwepheshe be-NDIR (Non-Dispersive Infrared), kanye nohlelo lokulawula oluzenzakalelayo, ukuze kugcinwe amazinga e-CO₂ afanele (isb., 800-1200 ppm) okukhula kwezitshalo, okwandisa isivuno sikatamatisi cishe ngo-30%.
  • Ipulazi Elikhulu Lenkukhu eThailand lifake inethiwekhi yokuzwa i-ammonia ezindlini zalo zezinkukhu. Lapho amazinga e-ammonia edlula umkhawulo ohleliwe, amafeni nezinhlelo zokupholisa zisebenza ngokuzenzakalelayo, kunciphisa ngempumelelo izifo zokuphefumula emhlambini futhi kunciphise ukusetshenziswa kwama-antibiotic.

4. Ukuqapha Imvelo kanye Nesexwayiso Senhlekelele

INingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia isengozini yezinhlekelele zemvelo futhi iyisifunda esibalulekile sokukhathazeka mayelana nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu.

• Izimo Zokusebenza:
  • Ukuqapha Isikhungo Sokulahla Udoti Nokuhlanza Amanzi Angcolile: Ukuqapha ukukhiqizwa kwe-methane kanye nokukhishwa kwegesi ukuze kuvinjelwe izingozi zokuqhuma kanye nokuhlinzeka ngemininingwane yokubuyiselwa kwe-biogas kanye namaphrojekthi okukhiqizwa kwamandla. Futhi ukuqapha amagesi anephunga elibi njenge-hydrogen sulfide ukuze kuncishiswe umthelela emiphakathini ezungezile.
  • Ukuqapha Umsebenzi Wezintaba-mlilo: Emazweni asebenza ngezintaba-mlilo njenge-Indonesia nePhilippines, ososayensi basebenzisa izinzwa ze-sulfur dioxide (SO₂) ezizungeze izintaba-mlilo. Ukwanda kokukhishwa kwe-SO₂ kuvame ukukhombisa ukwanda komsebenzi wezintaba-mlilo, okunikeza idatha ebalulekile yezixwayiso zokuqhuma.
  • Isexwayiso Somlilo Wehlathi Kusenesikhathi: Ukufaka i-carbon monoxide kanye nezinzwa zomusi ezindaweni zamahlathi aseSumatra naseKalimantan, e-Indonesia, kungabona imililo evuthayo ngaphambi kokuba kuvele amalangabi abonakalayo, okuvumela ukungenelela okubalulekile kusenesikhathi.
• Izifundo Zezimo:
  • I-Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) isungule amanethiwekhi okuqapha aphelele, okuhlanganisa nezinzwa zegesi, ezizungeze izintaba-mlilo ezisebenzayo njenge-Mayon. Idatha ye-SO₂ yesikhathi sangempela ibasiza ukuthi bahlole isimo sentaba-mlilo ngokunembe kakhudlwana futhi bakhiphe izakhamuzi lapho kudingeka.
  • I-National Environment Agency yaseSingapore (NEA) isebenzisa ukuzwela okukude kwesathelayithi kanye nezinzwa zomhlabathi ukuqapha eduze ukungcoliswa komoya ongcolile ovela emazweni angomakhelwane. Izinzwa zegesi (isib. ze-CO kanye ne-PM2.5) zingamathuluzi abalulekile okulandelela ukuthuthwa komoya ongcolile nokuhlola umthelela wawo.

Izinselele kanye Nezindlela Zesikhathi Esizayo

Naphezu kokusetshenziswa kabanzi, ukwamukelwa kwezinzwa zegesi eNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia kubhekene nezinselelo ezifana nomthelela wokushisa okuphezulu kanye nomswakama esikhathini sokuphila kwezinzwa kanye nokuzinza, ukushoda kwabasebenzi abanekhono lokulungisa nokulinganisa, kanye nesidingo sokuqinisekiswa kokunemba kwedatha evela kuzinzwa ezingabizi kakhulu.

Uma sibheka phambili, ngokuthuthuka kwe-IoT, i-Big Data, kanye ne-Artificial Intelligence (AI), izinhlelo zokusebenza zezinzwa zegesi zizojula kakhulu:

• Ukuhlanganiswa Kwedatha Nokuhlaziywa: Ukuhlanganisa idatha yezinzwa zegesi neminye imithombo efana ne-meteorological, traffic, kanye nedatha yesathelayithi, kanye nokusebenzisa ama-algorithms e-AI ekuhlaziyeni okubikezelayo (isb., ukubikezela ikhwalithi yomoya noma izingozi zokwehluleka kwemishini yezimboni).
• Ukunciphisa Izindleko Okuqhubekayo Nokwanda: Intuthuko kubuchwepheshe be-Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) izokwenza izinzwa zishibhile futhi zibe zincane, okuholela ekusetshenzisweni okukhulu emadolobheni ahlakaniphile nasemakhaya ahlakaniphile.

Isiphetho

Esimweni esishintshashintshayo saseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, izinzwa zegesi zishintshe kusukela kumadivayisi okuphepha ezimboni alula zaba amathuluzi aguquguqukayo okuvikela impilo yomphakathi, ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwezolimo, nokuvikela imvelo. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe buqhubeka buthuthuka futhi izimo zokusetshenziswa zikhula, lawa “makhala e-elekthronikhi” azohlala engabaqaphi abangabonakali, enikeza isisekelo sedatha esiqinile sentuthuko esimeme yaseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia.